吴恩达 深度学习 第一课第三周 课程笔记和课后习题答案

1，课程小结

主要讲了只有一层隐层的浅层神经网络。

假设样本有三个特征，隐层有4个节点，则神经网络的结构如上图所示。正向传播计算有四个公式。

对于多样本，向量化计算如下：

常用的激活函数：

一般来说，tanh函数好过sigmod函数，因为其中心为0，除非是二元分类，一般不用sigmod函数；一般情况下，激活函数选用Relu函数。

反向传播计算梯度如下：

一般w初始化是采用随机数而不能采用全零处理，全零处理会导致每个节点演化相同，没有意义。

课后作业，建立一个神经网络：
导入需要的库：

# Package imports
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from testCases import *
import sklearn
import sklearn.datasets
import sklearn.linear_model
from planar_utils import plot_decision_boundary, sigmoid, load_planar_dataset, load_extra_datasets

%matplotlib inline

np.random.seed(1) # set a seed so that the results are consistent

得到层数：

# GRADED FUNCTION: layer_sizes

def layer_sizes(X, Y):
    """
    Arguments:
    X -- input dataset of shape (input size, number of examples)
    Y -- labels of shape (output size, number of examples)
    
    Returns:
    n_x -- the size of the input layer
    n_h -- the size of the hidden layer
    n_y -- the size of the output layer
    """
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)
    n_x = X.shape[0] # size of input layer
    n_h = 4
    n_y = Y.shape[0] # size of output layer
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    return (n_x, n_h, n_y)

初始化参数：

# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters

def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):
    """
    Argument:
    n_x -- size of the input layer
    n_h -- size of the hidden layer
    n_y -- size of the output layer
    
    Returns:
    params -- python dictionary containing your parameters:
                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (n_h, n_x)
                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (n_h, 1)
                    W2 -- weight matrix of shape (n_y, n_h)
                    b2 -- bias vector of shape (n_y, 1)
    """
    
    np.random.seed(2) # we set up a seed so that your output matches ours although the initialization is random.
    
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)
    W1 = np.random.randn(n_h, n_x)*0.01
    b1 = np.zeros((n_h, 1))
    W2 = np.random.randn(n_y, n_h)*0.01
    b2 = np.zeros((n_y, 1))
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert (W1.shape == (n_h, n_x))
    assert (b1.shape == (n_h, 1))
    assert (W2.shape == (n_y, n_h))
    assert (b2.shape == (n_y, 1))
    
    parameters = {"W1": W1,
                  "b1": b1,
                  "W2": W2,
                  "b2": b2}
    
    return parameters

前向传播：

# GRADED FUNCTION: forward_propagation

def forward_propagation(X, parameters):
    """
    Argument:
    X -- input data of size (n_x, m)
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters (output of initialization function)
    
    Returns:
    A2 -- The sigmoid output of the second activation
    cache -- a dictionary containing "Z1", "A1", "Z2" and "A2"
    """
    # Retrieve each parameter from the dictionary "parameters"
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)
    W1 = parameters["W1"]
    b1 = parameters["b1"]
    W2 = parameters["W2"]
    b2 = parameters["b2"]
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    # Implement Forward Propagation to calculate A2 (probabilities)
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)
    Z1 = np.dot(W1,X)+b1
    A1 = np.tanh(Z1)
    Z2 = np.dot(W2,A1)+b2
    A2 = sigmoid(Z2)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert(A2.shape == (1, X.shape[1]))
    
    cache = {"Z1": Z1,
             "A1": A1,
             "Z2": Z2,
             "A2": A2}
    
    return A2, cache

计算损失函数：

# GRADED FUNCTION: compute_cost

def compute_cost(A2, Y, parameters):
    """
    Computes the cross-entropy cost given in equation (13)
    
    Arguments:
    A2 -- The sigmoid output of the second activation, of shape (1, number of examples)
    Y -- "true" labels vector of shape (1, number of examples)
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters W1, b1, W2 and b2
    
    Returns:
    cost -- cross-entropy cost given equation (13)
    """
    
    m = Y.shape[1] # number of example

    # Compute the cross-entropy cost
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
    logprobs = np.multiply(Y,np.log(A2))+np.multiply((1-Y),np.log(1-A2))
    cost = -1/m*np.sum(logprobs)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    cost = np.squeeze(cost)     # makes sure cost is the dimension we expect. 
                                # E.g., turns [[17]] into 17 
    assert(isinstance(cost, float))
    
    return cost

反向传播：

# GRADED FUNCTION: backward_propagation

def backward_propagation(parameters, cache, X, Y):
    """
    Implement the backward propagation using the instructions above.
    
    Arguments:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing our parameters 
    cache -- a dictionary containing "Z1", "A1", "Z2" and "A2".
    X -- input data of shape (2, number of examples)
    Y -- "true" labels vector of shape (1, number of examples)
    
    Returns:
    grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients with respect to different parameters
    """
    m = X.shape[1]
    
    # First, retrieve W1 and W2 from the dictionary "parameters".
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
#     W1 = None
#     W2 = None
    W1=parameters['W1']#n_h,n_x
    W2=parameters['W2']#n_y,n_h
    ### END CODE HERE ###
        
    # Retrieve also A1 and A2 from dictionary "cache".
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
#     A1 = None
#     A2 = None
    A1=cache['A1']#n_h,m
    A2=cache['A2']#n_y,m
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    # Backward propagation: calculate dW1, db1, dW2, db2. 
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 6 lines of code, corresponding to 6 equations on slide above)
#     dZ2 = None
#     dW2 = None
#     db2 = None
#     dZ1 = None
#     dW1 = None
#     db1 = None
    dZ2=A2-Y#n_y,m
    dW2=np.dot(dZ2,A1.T)/m#n_y,n_h
    db2=np.sum(dZ2,axis=1,keepdims=True)/m#n_y,1
    dZ1=np.multiply(np.dot(W2.T,dZ2),(1-A1**2))#n_h,m
    dW1=np.dot(dZ1,X.T)/m#n_h,n_x
    db1=np.sum(dZ1,axis=1,keepdims=True)/m#n_h,1
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    grads = {"dW1": dW1,
             "db1": db1,
             "dW2": dW2,
             "db2": db2}
    
    return grads

更新参数：

def update_parameters(parameters,grads,learning_rate=1.2):
    W1 = parameters["W1"]
    b1 = parameters["b1"]
    W2 = parameters["W2"]
    b2 = parameters["b2"]
    dW1 = grads["dW1"]
    db1 = grads["db1"]
    dW2 = grads["dW2"]
    db2 = grads["db2"]

    ###梯度更新，每迭代一次更新一次###
    W1 -= learning_rate * dW1
    b1 -= learning_rate * db1
    W2 -= learning_rate * dW2
    b2 -= learning_rate * db2

    parameters = {"W1": W1,
                  "b1": b1,
                  "W2": W2,
                  "b2": b2}

    return parameters

建立深度学习模型：

def nn_model(X,Y,n_h,num_iterations=10000,print_cost=False):
    np.random.seed(3)
    n_x = layer_sizes(X, Y)[0]
    n_y = layer_sizes(X, Y)[2]

    parameters=initialize_parameters(n_x,n_h,n_y)
    W1 = parameters["W1"]
    b1 = parameters["b1"]
    W2 = parameters["W2"]
    b2 = parameters["b2"]

    for i in range(0,num_iterations):

        A2,cache=forward_propagation(X,parameters)#前向传播节点
        cost = compute_cost(A2, Y, parameters)#计算损失函数
        grads=backward_propagation(parameters,cache,X,Y)#计算后向传播梯度
        parameters=update_parameters(parameters,grads,learning_rate=1.2)#使用梯度更新W，b一次

        if print_cost and i % 1000 == 0:
            print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))

    return parameters

预测函数：

# GRADED FUNCTION: predict

def predict(parameters, X):
    """
    Using the learned parameters, predicts a class for each example in X
    
    Arguments:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters 
    X -- input data of size (n_x, m)
    
    Returns
    predictions -- vector of predictions of our model (red: 0 / blue: 1)
    """
    
    # Computes probabilities using forward propagation, and classifies to 0/1 using 0.5 as the threshold.
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
    A2, cache = forward_propagation(X,parameters)
    predictions = (A2>0.5)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    return predictions

训练实例：

# Build a model with a n_h-dimensional hidden layer
parameters = nn_model(X, Y, n_h = 4, num_iterations = 10000, print_cost=True)

# Plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(lambda x: predict(parameters, x.T), X, Y)
plt.title("Decision Boundary for hidden layer size " + str(4))
# Print accuracy
predictions = predict(parameters, X)
print ('Accuracy: %d' % float((np.dot(Y,predictions.T) + np.dot(1-Y,1-predictions.T))/float(Y.size)*100) + '%')