目录
前言
作为一名云计算工程师，Linux的使用是我们必须熟练掌握的东西，我们的工作就是通过命令与Linux系统进行沟通来满足各种需求。今天我会做一篇linux系统的基础命令，这些命令会作为我们云计算工程师的起步。
创建新目录：mkdir
mkdir [选项] 目录位置及名称
mkdir -p 递归创建文件夹
[root@192 ghr]# mkdir -p 1/2/3/4
[root@192 ghr]# tree
.
└── 1
└── 2
└── 3
└── 4
4 directories, 0 files
[root@192 ghr]#
[root@192 ghr]# mkdir -p /home/ghr/{1..4}
[root@192 ghr]# mkdir -p /home/ghr/{1..4} #在home下的ghr文件夹中连续创建1到4的文件夹，
同理可创建以连续字母为名称的多个文件夹
[root@192 ghr]# tree
.
├── 1
│?? └── 2
│?? └── 3
│?? └── 4
├── 2
├── 3
└── 4
7 directories, 0 files
[root@192 ghr]#
创建空文件：touch
touch {1..3} :可以创建多个连续的文件
[root@192 ghr]# touch {1..3}
[root@192 ghr]# ls
1 2 3
[root@192 ghr]# ls -lh
总用量 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:56 1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:56 2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:56 3
[root@192 ghr]#
touch a b c 分别创建a b c ，名称之间并无联系
[root@192 ghr]# touch a b c
[root@192 ghr]# ls -lh
总用量 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:56 1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:56 2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:56 3
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:58 a
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:58 b
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 16:58 c
[root@192 ghr]# touch {1..3}.txt :在文件夹名称后可以加统一的后缀
[root@192 ghr]# touch {1..3}.txt
[root@192 ghr]# ls -lh
总用量 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 17:03 1.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 17:03 2.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 17:03 3.txt
[root@192 ghr]#
ln 创建硬链接，相当于复制一个副本
ln 1 2 ：讲1复制并放到2里
[root@192 ghr]# vim 1
[root@192 ghr]# cat 1
wo shi 111111111111111111
[root@192 ghr]# ln 1 2
[root@192 ghr]# ls
1 1.txt 2
[root@192 ghr]# cat 2
wo shi 111111111111111111
[root@192 ghr]# rm -rf 1.txt
[root@192 ghr]# ls
1 2
[root@192 ghr]# rm -rf 1
[root@192 ghr]# ls
2
[root@192 ghr]# cat 2
wo shi 111111111111111111
[root@192 ghr]#
由此可见，移除源文件不影响被目标文件。
ln -s 创建软链接，相当于快捷方式
ln -s a b
[root@192 ghr]# echo "wo shi aaaaaaa" > a
[root@192 ghr]# ls
a
[root@192 ghr]# ln -s a b
[root@192 ghr]# cat b
wo shi aaaaaaa
[root@192 ghr]# rm -rf a
[root@192 ghr]# ls
b
[root@192 ghr]# cat b
cat: b: 没有那个文件或目录
[root@192 ghr]#
[root@192 ghr]# echo "wo shi bbbbbbb" > a
[root@192 ghr]# ls
a b
[root@192 ghr]# cat b
wo shi bbbbbbb
[root@192 ghr]#
由此可见软链接在源文件失效的时候无法生效，但当我们恢复源路径内文件，即使内容不一致软链接依然生效
复制文件或目录 cp
cp -r递归复制，复制目录时必须使用此指令
cp -rf 覆盖目标同名文件或目录不进行提醒，直接强制覆盖。
[root@192 home]# cp -rf /home/ghr/{1..4} ghr1
[root@192 home]# ls ghr1
1 2 3 4
[root@192 home]# cp -rf /home/ghr/{1..4} ghr1
[root@192 home]#
cp -ri ：覆盖同名文件或目录进行提醒。
[root@192 home]# cp -ri /home/ghr/5.txt ghr3
cp：是否覆盖"ghr3/5.txt"？ y
[root@192 home]# ls ghr
1 2 3 4 5.txt
[root@192 home]# ls ghr3
1 2 3 4 5.txt
[root@192 home]#
cp -p ：复制时保持源文件权限属主及时间
root@192 home]# ls -lh ghr
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 3
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 18:34 5.txt
[root@192 home]# cp -rf /home/ghr /hom/ghr3
cp: 无法创建目录"/hom/ghr3": 没有那个文件或目录
[root@192 home]# cp -rf /home/ghr /home/ghr3
[root@192 home]# ls -lh /home/ghr3/ghr
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 18:44 1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 18:44 2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 18:44 3
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 18:44 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 18:44 5.txt
[root@192 home]# cp -rp /home/ghr /home/ghr3
cp：是否覆盖"/home/ghr3/ghr/5.txt"？ y
[root@192 home]# ls -lh /home/ghr3/ghr
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 3
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 7月 29 17:17 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 7月 29 18:34 5.txt
[root@192 home]#
可知使用cp -rp 可以不改变属主和编辑时间的情况下复制
删除文件或目录 rm
rm -r 递归删除，删除目录时必须使用（因为通常联合使用所以就不单独做演示了）
rm -rf ：删除不做提示
[root@192 home]# ls ghr3
1 2 3 4 5.txt ghr
[root@192 home]# rm -rf ghr3
[root@192 home]# lsghr
bash: lsghr: 未找到命令...
[root@192 home]# ls ghr3
ls: 无法访问ghr3: 没有那个文件或目录
[root@192 home]#
rm -ri ：删除做提示
[root@192 home]# ls
5.txt arlssaze ghr ghr1 ghr2
[root@192 home]# rm -ri 5.txt
rm：是否删除目录 "5.txt"？y
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze ghr ghr1 ghr2
[root@192 home]#
移动文件夹或目录/改名 ：mv
mv [文件名] [目录名或文件名]
mv ghr3 ghr1：更改名字
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze ghr ghr2 ghr3
[root@192 home]# mv ghr3 ghr1
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze ghr ghr1 ghr2
[root@192 home]#
mv ghr/{1..10}.txt ghr1
[root@192 home]# mv ghr/{1..10}.txt ghr1
[root@192 home]# ls ghr1
10.txt 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt 5.txt 6.txt 7.txt 8.txt 9.txt
[root@192 home]#
查找命令/文件存放目录which
which 命令|程序名 或者
which -a 命令|程序名
which ls
[root@192 home]# which ls
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
/usr/bin/ls
[root@192 home]# which -a ls
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
/usr/bin/ls
[root@192 home]#
查找文件或目录 ： find
采用递归方式，根据目标名称、类型、大小等不同属性进行精细查找
find [查找范围] [查找条件表达式
find / -name :根据目标文件的名称进行查找，允许使用“*”“？”通配符
[root@192 home]# find / -name gh?
/var/spool/mail/ghr
/home/arlssaze/ghr
/home/ghr
[root@192 home]#
find / -size 根据目标文件的大小查找，用+ -来指定大于或小于
[root@192 home]# find / -size 10M
/boot/initrd-plymouth.img
find: ‘/proc/42852/task/42852/fd/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
find: ‘/proc/42852/task/42852/fdinfo/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
find: ‘/proc/42852/fd/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
find: ‘/proc/42852/fdinfo/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/evolution-3.22.6-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/gnome-getting-started-docs-gl-3.22.0-1.el7.noarch
.rpm/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/gnome-icon-theme-3.12.0-1.el7.noarch.rpm
/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel-1.8.0.131-11.b12.el7.x86
_64.rpm/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/java-1.7.0-openjdk-devel-1.7.0.141-2.6.10.5.el7.x
86_64.rpm/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/kde-workspace-4.11.19-8.el7.x86_64.rpm
/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/libpinyin-data-0.9.93-4.el7.x86_64.rpm
/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/libreoffice-langpack-zh-Hant-5.0.6.2-14.el7.x86_6
4.rpm/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/libreoffice-langpack-zh-Hans-5.0.6.2-14.el7.x86_6
4.rpm/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/libreoffice-langpack-dz-5.0.6.2-14.el7.x86_64.rpm
/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/PyQt4-devel-4.10.1-13.el7.x86_64.rpm
/run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64/Packages/scipy-0.12.1-3.el7.x86_64.rpm
/root/.mozilla/firefox/xr3ms21z.default/places.sqlite
/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/updates/packages/kernel-headers-3.10.0-1160.36.2.el7.x86_64.rpm
/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/updates/50758716c273e853416ba65b79048d0ff5e2c09f96f464b0277baa53a3
f4874f-primary.sqlite.bz2/usr/lib64/dri/kms_swrast_dri.so
/usr/lib64/dri/nouveau_dri.so
/usr/lib64/dri/r300_dri.so
/usr/lib64/dri/r600_dri.so
/usr/lib64/dri/radeonsi_dri.so
/usr/lib64/dri/swrast_dri.so
/usr/lib64/dri/virtio_gpu_dri.so
/usr/lib64/dri/vmwgfx_dri.so
/usr/lib64/firefox/omni.ja
[root@192 home]#
find -type 根据文件类型进行查找
普通文件（f）、目录（d）、块设备文件（b）、字符设备文件（c）
[root@192 home]# find /home/ghr1 -type f
/home/ghr1/1.txt
/home/ghr1/2.txt
/home/ghr1/3.txt
/home/ghr1/4.txt
/home/ghr1/5.txt
/home/ghr1/6.txt
/home/ghr1/7.txt
/home/ghr1/8.txt
/home/ghr1/9.txt
/home/ghr1/10.txt
[root@192 home]# find /home/ghr1 -type d
/home/ghr1
[root@192 home]# find /home/ghr1 -type b
[root@192 home]# find /home/ghr1 -type c
[root@192 home]#
find / -user ：根据文件是否属于目标用户查找
[root@192 home]# find / -user arlssaze
find: ‘/proc/43288/task/43288/fd/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
find: ‘/proc/43288/task/43288/fdinfo/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
find: ‘/proc/43288/fd/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
find: ‘/proc/43288/fdinfo/6’: 没有那个文件或目录
/var/spool/mail/arlssaze
/tmp/.esd-1000
/tmp/.esd-1000/socket
/tmp/tracker-extract-files.1000
/home/arlssaze
/home/arlssaze/.mozilla
/home/arlssaze/.mozilla/extensions
/home/arlssaze/.mozilla/plugins
/home/arlssaze/.bash_logout
/home/arlssaze/.bash_profile
/home/arlssaze/.bashrc
/home/arlssaze/.cache
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gdm
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gdm/session.log.old
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gdm/session.log
/home/arlssaze/.cache/imsettings
/home/arlssaze/.cache/imsettings/log.bak
/home/arlssaze/.cache/imsettings/log
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/addressbook
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/addressbook/trash
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/calendar
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/calendar/trash
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/mail
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/mail/trash
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/memos
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/memos/trash
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/sources
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/sources/trash
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/tasks
/home/arlssaze/.cache/evolution/tasks/trash
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-shell
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-shell/update-check-3.22
/home/arlssaze/.cache/event-sound-cache.tdb.localhost.localdomain.x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/db-version.txt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/meta.db
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/db-locale.txt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/meta.db-wal
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/meta.db-shm
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/ontologies.gvdb
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/parser-sha1.txt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/locale-for-miner-user-guides.txt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/locale-for-miner-apps.txt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/last-crawl.txt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/tracker/first-index.txt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/abrt
/home/arlssaze/.cache/abrt/applet_dirlist
/home/arlssaze/.cache/abrt/lastnotification
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gstreamer-1.0
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gstreamer-1.0/registry.x86_64.bin
/home/arlssaze/.cache/media-art
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/ratings
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/extensions
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/config
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/objects
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/tmp
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/tmp/cache
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/extensions
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/state
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/refs
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/refs/heads
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/repo/refs/remotes
/home/arlssaze/.cache/gnome-software/3.22/flatpak/installation-tmp/.changed
/home/arlssaze/.cache/yelp
/home/arlssaze/.cache/yelp/WebKitCache
/home/arlssaze/.cache/yelp/WebKitCache/Version 10
/home/arlssaze/.cache/yelp/WebKitCache/Version 10/Blobs
/home/arlssaze/.config
/home/arlssaze/.config/imsettings
/home/arlssaze/.config/user-dirs.dirs
/home/arlssaze/.config/user-dirs.locale
/home/arlssaze/.config/gnome-session
/home/arlssaze/.config/gnome-session/saved-session
/home/arlssaze/.config/pulse
/home/arlssaze/.config/pulse/a60422994d744a1d9632b3cc3d221497-device-volumes.tdb
/home/arlssaze/.config/pulse/a60422994d744a1d9632b3cc3d221497-stream-volumes.tdb
/home/arlssaze/.config/pulse/a60422994d744a1d9632b3cc3d221497-card-database.tdb
/home/arlssaze/.config/pulse/cookie
/home/arlssaze/.config/pulse/a60422994d744a1d9632b3cc3d221497-default-sink
/home/arlssaze/.config/pulse/a60422994d744a1d9632b3cc3d221497-default-source
/home/arlssaze/.config/ibus
/home/arlssaze/.config/ibus/bus
/home/arlssaze/.config/ibus/bus/a60422994d744a1d9632b3cc3d221497-unix-0
/home/arlssaze/.config/dconf
/home/arlssaze/.config/dconf/user
/home/arlssaze/.config/evolution
/home/arlssaze/.config/evolution/sources
/home/arlssaze/.config/evolution/sources/system-proxy.source
/home/arlssaze/.config/goa-1.0
/home/arlssaze/.config/gconf
/home/arlssaze/.config/gtk-3.0
/home/arlssaze/.config/gtk-3.0/bookmarks
/home/arlssaze/.config/nautilus
/home/arlssaze/.config/nautilus/desktop-metadata
/home/arlssaze/.config/abrt
/home/arlssaze/.config/gnome-initial-setup-done
/home/arlssaze/.config/yelp
/home/arlssaze/.config/yelp/yelp.cfg
/home/arlssaze/桌面
/home/arlssaze/下载
/home/arlssaze/模板
/home/arlssaze/公共
/home/arlssaze/文档
/home/arlssaze/音乐
/home/arlssaze/图片
/home/arlssaze/视频
/home/arlssaze/.ICEauthority
/home/arlssaze/.local
/home/arlssaze/.local/share
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/keyrings
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/keyrings/login.keyring
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/keyrings/user.keystore
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gnome-shell
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gnome-shell/application_state
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/telepathy
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/telepathy/mission-control
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/telepathy/mission-control/accounts.cfg
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/telepathy/mission-control/accounts-goa.cfg
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/addressbook
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/trash
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system/contacts.db
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system/photos
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/calendar
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/calendar/trash
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/calendar/system
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/calendar/system/calendar.ics
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/mail
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/mail/trash
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/memos
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/memos/trash
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/tasks
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/evolution/tasks/trash
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gsettings-data-convert
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/applications
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/sounds
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/icc
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gnome-settings-daemon
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gnome-settings-daemon/input-sources-converted
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/tracker
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/tracker/data
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/tracker/data/tracker-store.journal
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/tracker/data/tracker-store.ontology.journal
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/nautilus
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/nautilus/scripts
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/system-cache
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/config
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/objects
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/tmp
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/tmp/cache
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/extensions
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/state
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/heads
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/remotes
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/flatpak/.changed
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gvfs-metadata
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/home
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/home-55881348.log
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/webkitgtk
/home/arlssaze/.local/share/webkitgtk/localstorage
/home/arlssaze/.esd_auth
/home/arlssaze/.bash_history
/home/arlssaze/.swp
/home/arlssaze/.viminfo
[root@192 home]# [root@192 home]# find /home/ -type d -a -name "ghr?"
查找同时满足文件种类是目录和名字是ghr？的目录
[root@192 home]# find /home/ -type d -o -name "ghr1"
查找是目录文件和名字叫ghr1的文件的集合
[root@192 home]# find /home/ -type d -a -name "ghr?"
/home/ghr1
/home/ghr2
/home/ghr3
/home/ghr4
/home/ghr5
[root@192 home]# find /home/ -type d -a -name "ghr1"
/home/ghr1
[root@192 home]# find /home/ -type d -o -name "ghr1"
/home/
/home/ghr1
/home/ghr2
/home/ghr3
/home/ghr4
/home/ghr5
[root@192 home]#
查看文件内容 ：cat
cat [选项] 文件名
[root@192 ghr]# echo "11111" > 1.txt
[root@192 ghr]# cat 1.txt
11111
[root@192 ghr]#
查看文件内容：more
全屏方式分页显示文件内容
more [选项] 文件名
查看文件内容 ：less
与more命令相同但是拓展功能多
less [选项] 文件名
Page up 向上翻页
Page down 向下翻页
按 “\”查找内容
“n”下一个内容
“N”上一个内容
查看文件内容head、tail 命令
head -5 /etc/passwd :查看etc下passwd文件的前五行
[root@192 home]# head -5 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
tail -5 /etc/passwd ：查看etc下passwd文件的后五行
[root@192 home]# tail -5 /etc/passwd
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
arlssaze:x:1000:1000:Arlssaze:/home/arlssaze:/bin/bash
ghr:x:1001:1001::/home/ghr:/bin/bash
tail -f 文件名 追踪 （不断刷新）
统计文件内容wc命令（world count）
wc [选项] 目标文件
wc -l /etc/passwd ：统计文件行
[root@192 home]# wc -l /etc/passwd
42 /etc/passwd
wc -w /etc/passwd：统计文件单词数
[root@192 home]# wc -w /etc/passwd
82 /etc/passwd
wc -c /etc/passwd :统计字节数
[root@192 home]# wc -c /etc/passwd
2153 /etc/passwd
检索和过滤文件内容grep
在文件中查找并显示包含指定字符串的行
grep [选项] 查找文件 目标文件
grep -i “^arl” /etc/passwd：忽略大小写查找arl
[root@192 ~]# grep -i "^arl" /etc/passwd
arlssaze:x:1000:1000:Arlssaze:/home/arlssaze:/bin/bash
[root@192 ~]#
grep -v "^$" /etc/passwd ：查找不空行的文件
[root@192 ~]# grep -v "^$" /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:999:997:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
libstoragemgmt:x:998:995:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
colord:x:997:994:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:996:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin
setroubleshoot:x:995:993::/var/lib/setroubleshoot:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:171:171:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:994:990::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbi
n/nologinusbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
geoclue:x:993:988:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin
sssd:x:992:987:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
gnome-initial-setup:x:991:986::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
arlssaze:x:1000:1000:Arlssaze:/home/arlssaze:/bin/bash
ghr:x:1001:1001::/home/ghr:/bin/bash
压缩命令：gzip 、bzip
gzip -9 passwd ：压缩子目录下的文件
[root@192 home]# gzip -9 passwd
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze passwd.gz
[root@192 home]#
gzip -d passwd.gz：解压缩.gz格式的压缩文件
[root@192 home]# gzip -d passwd.gz
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze passwd
[root@192 home]#
bzip2 -9 passwd ：压缩子目录下的文件
[root@192 home]# bzip2 -9 passwd
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze passwd.bz2
[root@192 home]#
bzip2 -d passwd.bz2
[root@192 home]# bzip2 -d passwd.bz2
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze passwd
[root@192 home]#
归档命令：tar
tar [选项] 归档文件名 源文件或目录
因为这里的参数混合使用所以单独做说明
-c：创建.tar的格式文件
-x ：解开.tar格式的文件
-v ：输出详细的信息
-f：表示使用归档文件
-p ：打包时保留文件及目录权限
-P ： 打包时保留文件及目录的绝对路径
-t：列表内查看包内文件
-C：解压时指定目标文件
-z：调用gzip程序进行压缩和解压
-J：调用bzip程序进行压缩和解压缩
[root@192 home]# tar cvfz passwd.tar.gz passwd
passwd
[root@192 home]# ls
arlssaze ghr passwd passwd.tar.gz
[root@192 home]# tar xvfz passwd.tar.gz -C /home/ghr
passwd
[root@192 home]# ls /home/ghr
passwd
[root@192 /]# tar cvfj opt.tar.bz2 opt
opt/
opt/rh/
opt/3/
opt/3/a
opt/3/b
[root@192 /]# ls
aa boot etc home lib64 mnt opt.tar.bz2 root sbin sys tmp var
bin dev help lib media opt proc run srv text.txt usr
[root@192 /]# tar xvfj opt.tar.bz2 -C /home/ghr
opt/
opt/rh/
opt/3/
opt/3/a
opt/3/b
[root@192 /]# ls /home/ghr
opt passwd
[root@192 /]#
总结
作为一名云计算工程师。我们对命令的熟悉程度能显著的代表了我们业务的实际水平。不论我们最终参与了什么项目或者想要达成什么目的，我们都应该牢牢的掌握在这些命令来满足我们业务的需求。也只有理解这些命令之后，我们最简洁的向上级表达出我们是如何完成需求的，也能在出现故障的时候让我们很快的理清思路，按照自己的逻辑去排查故障。
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