C++ Primer Plus学习：第十章 对象和类（3）

this
  每个成员函数(包括构造函数和析构函数)都有一个this指针
  this指针指向调用对象
  如果方法需要引用整个调用对象，则可使用表达式*this
  在函数的括号后面使用const限定符将this限定为const,这样将不能使用this来修改对象的值
  eg

    stock2.h

#ifndef STOCK2_H_
#define STOCK2_H_

class Stock
{
      private:
              char company[30];
              int shares;
              double share_val;
              double total_val;
              void set_tot(){total_val = shares*share_val;}
      
      public:
             Stock();
             Stock(const char * co,int n = 0,double pr = 0.0);
             ~Stock();
             void buy(int num,double price);
             void sell(int num,double price);
             void update(double price);
             void show()const;
             const Stock & topval(const Stock & s)const;
      } ;
#endif

    stock2.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "stock2.h"

Stock::Stock()
{
              std::cout<<"Default constructor called\n";
              std::strcpy(company,"no name");
              shares = 0;
              share_val = 0.0;
              total_val = 0.0;
              }
              
Stock::Stock(const char *co,int n,double pr)
{
                   std::cout<<"Constructor using "<<co<<" called\n";
                   std::strncpy(company,co,29);
                   company[29] = '\0';
                   
                   if(n<0)
                   {
                          std::cerr<<"Number of shares can't be negative;"<<company<<" shares set to 0.\n";
                          shares = 0;
                          }
                   else
                       shares = n;
                   share_val = pr;
                   set_tot();
                   }

Stock::~Stock()
{
               std::cout<<"Bye,"<<company<<"!\n";
               }
               
void Stock::buy(int num,double price)
{
     if(num<0)
     {
              std::cerr<<"Number of shares purchased can't be negative."<<"Transaction is aborted.\n";
              }
     else
     {
         shares +=num;
         share_val = price;
         set_tot();
         }
     }

void Stock::sell(int num,double price)
{
     using std::cerr;
     if(num<0)
     {
              cerr<<"Number of  shares sold can't be negative."<<"Transaction is aborted.\n";
              }
     else if(num>shares)
     {
          cerr<<"You can't sell more than you have! "<<"Transaction is aborted.\n";
          }
     else
     {
         shares -=num;
         share_val = price;
         set_tot();
         }
     }

void Stock::update(double price)
{
     share_val = price;
     set_tot();
     }


void Stock::show() const
{
     using std::cout;
     using std::endl;
     cout<<"Company: "<<company<<" Shares: "<<shares<<endl;
     cout<<"Share Price:$ "<<share_val<<" Total Worth:$ "<<total_val<<endl;
     }
     
const Stock & Stock::topval(const Stock & s)const
{
      if(s.total_val>total_val)
                               return s;
      else
          return *this;
      }

    usestock2.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "stock2.h"

const int STKS = 4;
int main()
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::ios_base;
    
    Stock stocks[STKS] = {
          Stock("NanoSmart",12,20.0),
          Stock("Boffo Objects",200,2.0),
          Stock("Monolithic Obelisks",130,3.25),
          Stock("Fleep Enterprised",60,61.5)
          };
    cout.precision(2);
    cout.setf(ios_base::fixed,ios_base::floatfield);
    cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
    
    cout<<"Stock holdings:\n";
    int st;
    for(st = 0;st<STKS;st++)
           stocks[st].show();
            
    Stock top = stocks[0];
    for(st = 1;st<STKS;st++)
           top = top.topval(stocks[st]);
    cout<<"\nMost valuable holding:\n";
    top.show();
    
    system("pause");
    return 0;
    
    }

ADT

  stack.h

#ifndef STACK_H_
#define STACK_H_

typedef unsigned long Item;

class Stack
{
      private:
              enum {MAX = 10};
              Item items[MAX];
              int top;
      public:
             Stack();
             bool isempty()const;
             bool isfull()const;
             bool push(const Item &item);
             bool pop(Item & item);
      };

#endif

  stack.cpp

#include "stack.h"

Stack::Stack()
{
              top = 0;
              }

bool Stack::isempty()const
{
     return top == 0; 
     }

bool Stack::isfull()const
{
     return top ==MAX;
     }
     
bool Stack::push(const Item & item)
{
     if(top<MAX)
     {
                items[top++] = item;
                return true;
                }
     else
         return false;
     }
     
bool Stack::pop(Item &item)
{
     if(top>0)
     {
              item = items[--top];
              return true;
              }
     else
         return false;
     }

  stacker.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include "stack.h"

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    Stack st;
    char ch;
    unsigned long po;
    cout<<"Please enter A to add a puchase order,\n"<<"P to process a PO,or Q to quit.\n";
    while(cin>>ch && toupper(ch)!='Q')
    {
                  while(cin.get()!='\n')
                                        continue;
                  if(!isalpha(ch))
                  {
                                  cout<<'\a';
                                  continue;
                                  }
                  switch(ch)
                  {
                            case 'A':
                            case 'a':
                                 cout<<"Enter a PO number to add: ";
                                 cin>>po;
                                 if(st.isfull())
                                                cout<<"stack already full\n";
                                 else 
                                      st.push(po);
                                 break;
                            case 'P':
                            case 'p':
                                 if(st.isempty())
                                                 cout<<"stack already empty\n";
                                 else
                                 {
                                     st.pop(po);
                                     cout<<"PO # "<<po<<" popped\n";
                                     }
                                 break;
                            }
                  cout<<"Please enter A to add a puchase order.\n"<<"P to process a PO,or Q to quit.\n";
                  
                  }
    cout<<"Bye\n";
    
    system("pause");
    return 0;
    }