设计模式 - 观察者模式

设计模式 - 观察者模式

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目录

• 认识观察者模式
• 定义观察者模式
• 观察者模式类图
• 案例：实现气象站(推)
• Java内置的观察者模式
• 案例：利用内置重新实现实现气象站(拉)

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认识观察者模式

我们看看报纸和杂志的订阅是怎么回事

1. 报社的业务就是出版报纸；
2. 向某家报社订阅报纸，只要他们有新报纸出版，就会给你送来。只要你是他们的订户，你就会一直收到新报纸；
3. 当你不想再看报纸的时候，取消订阅，他们就不会再送新报纸来；
4. 只要报社还在运营，就会一直有人向他们订阅报纸或取消订阅报纸；

出版者 + 订阅者 = 观察者模式

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定义观察者模式

观察者模式定义了对象之间的一对多依赖，这样一来，当一个对象改变状态时，它的所有依赖者都会收到通知并自动更新。

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观察者模式类图

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案例：实现气象站(推)

主题接口

/**
 * 主题
 */
public interface Subject {
    void registerObserver(Observer o);
    void removeObserver(Observer o);
    void notifyObservers();
}

观察者接口

/**
 * 观察者
 */
public interface Observer {
    void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
}

布告板接口

/**
 * 布告板
 */
public interface DisplayElement {
    public void display();
}

气象数据接收器(实现主题)

public class WeatherData implements Subject{
    private ArrayList<Observer> observers;
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;

    public WeatherData() {
        observers = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    @Override
    public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
        observers.add(o);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
        observers.remove(o);
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyObservers() {
        for (Observer observer : observers) {
            observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
        }
    }

    public void measurementsChanged() {
        notifyObservers();
    }

    public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        measurementsChanged();
    }
}

目前状况布告板(实现观察者和布告板)

/**
 * 目前状况布告板
 */
public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement{
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private Subject weatherData;

    public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
        this.weatherData = weatherData;
        weatherData.registerObserver(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        display();
    }

    @Override
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("目前状况布告板: " + temperature + "摄氏度 " + humidity + "%湿度");
    }
}

测试类

public class WeatherStation {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();

        CurrentConditionsDisplay currentDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);

        weatherData.setMeasurements(20, 65, 30.4f);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(18, 70, 29.2f);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(12, 90, 29.2f);
    }
}

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Java内置的观察者模式

java.util 包中有 Observer 接口和 Observable 类

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案例：利用内置重新实现实现气象站(拉)

气象数据接收器(继承 Observable类)

import java.util.Observable;

public class WeatherData extends Observable {
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;

    public WeatherData() {
    }

    public void measurementsChanged() {
        setChanged();
        notifyObservers();
    }

    public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        measurementsChanged();
    }

    public float getTemperature() {
        return temperature;
    }

    public float getHumidity() {
        return humidity;
    }

    public float getPressure() {
        return pressure;
    }
}

布告板接口

public interface DisplayElement {
    public void display();
}

目前状况布告板(实现观察者和布告板)

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
    Observable observable;
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;

    public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Observable observable) {
        this.observable = observable;
        observable.addObserver(this);
    }

    // 把主题传给观察者，让观察者主动拉取数据
    @Override
    public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
        if (o instanceof WeatherData) {
            WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData) o;
            this.temperature = weatherData.getTemperature();
            this.humidity = weatherData.getHumidity();
            display();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("目前状况布告板: " + temperature + "摄氏度 " + humidity + "%湿度");
    }
}

测试类

public class WeatherStation {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();

        CurrentConditionsDisplay currentDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);

        weatherData.setMeasurements(20, 65, 30.4f);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(18, 70, 29.2f);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(12, 90, 29.2f);
    }
}

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