Android基础-Activity基本使用

1. Activity概念

Activity，即活动，是一种可以包含用户界面的组件，主要用于和用户进行交互

活动提供应用程序绘制其UI的窗口。此窗口通常填充屏幕，但可能小于屏幕并浮动在其他窗口的顶部。通常，一个活动在应用程序中实现一个屏幕。

多数应用包含多个屏幕，即多个活动，一般会指定一个活动为主要活动，即用户启动程序显示的第一个屏幕。

2. Activity基本用法

2.1 注册声明

所有的活动都要在AndroidManifest.xml中进行注册才能生效活动的注册声明要放在<application>标签内，在<activity>标签中是用了android：name来指定具体注册哪一个活动。

**配置主活动的方法**就是在<application>标签内加入<intent-filter>标签。这个标签内包含和两个可选标签、。这些标签元素组合在一起以指定您的活动可以响应的意图类型。

示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-xml"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>activity</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>.ExampleActivity<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:icon</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>@drawable/app_icon<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
    <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>intent-filter</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
        <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>action</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>android.intent.action.SEND<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
        <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>category</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>android.intent.category.DEFAULT<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
        <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>data</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:mimeType</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>text/plain<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
    <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"></</span>intent-filter</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
<span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"></</span>activity</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
</code></span>

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如果时配置成主活动的话，为：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-xml"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>action</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>android.intent.action.MAIN<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>

<span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>category</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>android.intent.category.LAUNCHER<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
</code></span>

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2.2 权限声明

除非两个活动在其清单中具有相同的权限，否则父活动无法启动子活动。如果为父活动声明uses-permission元素，则每个子活动必须具有匹配的uses-permission元素。

示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-xml"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>manifest</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
<span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>activity</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>....<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span>
   <span style="color:#d19a66">android:permission</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span>”com.google.socialapp.permission.SHARE_POST”</span>

<span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
</code></span>

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如果父活动声明了该权限，则子活动也必须声明该权限，否则父活动无法启动子活动。

2.3 销毁一个活动

销毁一个活动只需要按back键即可。Activity类提供了一个finish()方法，活动调用这个方法就可销毁当前活动。

2.4 Intent使用

Intent是Android程序中各组件之间进行交互的一种重要方式，不仅可以指明当前组件想要执行的动作，还可以在不同组件之间进行传递数据。被用于启动活动，启动服务以及发送广播等场景。

2.4.1 使用显式Intent

Activity类中提供一个startActivity()方法，专门用于启动活动。

显示启动的三种方法：

• 基本用法

  <span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span>FirstActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">this</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> SecondActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                  <span style="color:#61aeee">startActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  </code></span>

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• 通过Intent的ComponentName启动

  <span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">ComponentName cn <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> ComponentName<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"com.baiheng.activitytest"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">"com.baiheng.activitytest.ThirdActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">setComponent</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>cn<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  <span style="color:#61aeee">startActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  </code></span>

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• 通过初始化Intent时指定包名

  <span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"android.intent.action.MAIN"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">setClassName</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"com.baiheng.activitytest"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">"com.baiheng.activitytest.ThirdActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  <span style="color:#61aeee">startActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
  </code></span>

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2.4.2 使用隐式Intent

不明确指出我们想要启动哪一个活动，指定一系列抽象的action和category等信息，交由系统分析这个Intent，这个通过Intent的Intent-filter是实现。

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-xml"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>activity</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>.SecondActivity<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
            <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>intent-filter</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
                <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>action</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>com.baiheng.activitytest.action.START<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
                <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>category</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>android.intent.category.DEFAULT<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
            <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"></</span>intent-filter</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
        <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"></</span>activity</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
</code></span>

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<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">setAction</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span>ACTION_START<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>     intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">addCategory</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span>CATEGORY_DEFAULT<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                <span style="color:#61aeee">startActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>

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每个Intent只能指定一个action，但是却能指定多个category。

在<intent-filter>标签中再配置一个<data>标签，用于更精准地指定当前活动能够响应什么类型的数据。<data>标签中主要可以配置一下内容：

• android:scheme：用于指定数据的协议部分，如示例：http
• android:host：用于指定数据的主机名部分，如示例www.baidu.com
• android:port：用于指定数据的端口部分，一般紧随在主机名之后
• android:path:用于指定主机名和端口之后的部分，如一段网址跟在主机名之后的内容
• android:mimeType：用于指定可以处理的数据类型，允许使用通配符的方式进行指定。

只有<data>标签中指定的内容和Intent中携带的Data完全一致，当前活动才能够相应该Intent。一般不会在<data>标签中指定过多内容。

2.4.3 使用隐式Intent启动其他程序

使用隐式Intent不仅可以启动程序内的活动，还可以启动其他程序的活动。

示例：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span>Intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span>ACTION_VIEW<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">setData</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Uri<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">parse</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"http://www.google.com.hk"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                <span style="color:#61aeee">startActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>

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Uri.parse将一个网址字符串解析成一个Uri对象。

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-xml"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>activity</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>.ThirdActivity<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
            <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>intent-filter</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">tools:ignore</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>AppLinkUrlError<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
                <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>action</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>android.intent.action.VIEW<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
                <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>category</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:name</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>android.intent.category.DEFAULT<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
                <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>data</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">android:scheme</span><span style="color:#669900"><span style="color:#999999">=</span><span style="color:#999999">"</span>http<span style="color:#999999">"</span></span> <span style="color:#999999">/></span></span>
            <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"></</span>intent-filter</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
        <span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#e06c75"><span style="color:#999999"></</span>activity</span><span style="color:#999999">></span></span>
</code></span>

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3. Activity 间数据传递

一个App一般包含多个Activity，涉及到Activity之间的数据传递。关于如何传递不同的数据类型在Intent部分详解，这里介绍一下两种传递方式

3.1 向下传递数据

Intent中提供了一些列putExtra()方法的重载，可以把想要传递的数据暂存在Intent中，启动了另一个活动后，把这些数据从Intent中取出来就可以。

示例：在FirstActivity中：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">String data <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#669900">"Hello SecondActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span>FirstActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">this</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> SecondActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">putExtra</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"extra_data"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> data<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                <span style="color:#61aeee">startActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>

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SecondActivity：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">protected</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Bundle savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">super</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        <span style="color:#61aeee">setContentView</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>R<span style="color:#999999">.</span>layout<span style="color:#999999">.</span>second_activity<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">getIntent</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        String data <span style="color:#669900">=</span> intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">getStringExtra</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"extra_data"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        Log<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">d</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"SecondActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> data<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

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3.2 返回数据给上一个活动

Activity中还有一个startActivityForResult()方法也适用于启动活动，但是该方法期望活动销毁的时候返回一个结果给上一个活动。

该方法接收两个参数，一个是Intent，第二个参数是请求码，用于之后在回调中判断数据的来源。

FirstActivity：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span>FirstActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">this</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> SecondActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                <span style="color:#61aeee">startActivityForResult</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>

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SecondActivity：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">protected</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Bundle savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">super</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        <span style="color:#61aeee">setContentView</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>R<span style="color:#999999">.</span>layout<span style="color:#999999">.</span>second_activity<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        Button button2 <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#999999">(</span>Button<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">findViewById</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>R<span style="color:#999999">.</span>id<span style="color:#999999">.</span>button_2<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        button2<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">setOnClickListener</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> View<span style="color:#999999">.</span>OnClickListener<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>

            <span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
            <span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onClick</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>View v<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
                Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">putExtra</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"data_return"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">"Hello FirstActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                <span style="color:#61aeee">setResult</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>RRSULT_OK<span style="color:#999999">,</span> intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                <span style="color:#61aeee">finish</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
            <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
        <span style="color:#999999">}</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

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最后在FirstActivity中重写这个方法得到返回数据：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">protected</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onActivityResult</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#c678dd">int</span> requestCode<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">int</span> resultCode<span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#999999">@Nullable</span> Intent data<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">switch</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>requestCode<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
            <span style="color:#c678dd">case</span> <span style="color:#98c379">1</span><span style="color:#669900">:</span>
                <span style="color:#c678dd">if</span> <span style="color:#999999">(</span>resultCode <span style="color:#669900">==</span> RESULT_OK<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
                    String returnedData <span style="color:#669900">=</span> data<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">getStringExtra</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"data_return"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                    Log<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">d</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"FritstActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span>returnedData<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
                <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
                <span style="color:#c678dd">break</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
            <span style="color:#c678dd">default</span><span style="color:#669900">:</span>
        <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

•  

如果是通过back键返回，则可以通过在SecondActivity中重写onBackPressed()来解决：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onBackPressed</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">putExtra</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"data_return"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span><span style="color:#669900">"Hello FirstActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        <span style="color:#61aeee">setResult</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>RESULT_OK<span style="color:#999999">,</span> intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        <span style="color:#61aeee">finish</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

•  

4. Activity生命周期

4.1 返回栈

Android中的活动是可以层叠的。每启动一个新的活动，就会覆盖原来的活动之上，点击Back键就会销毁最上面的活动。

Android是使用任务（Task）来管理活动的，一个任务就是一组存放在栈里的活动的集合，这个栈也称作返回栈（Back Stack）。系统总是会显示处于栈顶活动给用户。

4.2 活动状态

每个活动在其生命周期中最多可能会有4中状态：

• 运行状态：

  活动位于返回栈的栈顶时，这时活动就处于运行状态。

• 暂停状态：

  活动不处于栈顶时，但是仍然可见，活动就进入暂停状态。

• 停止状态：

  活动不处于栈顶位置，且完全不可见，就进入停止状态。处于停止状态的活动有可能会被系统回收

• 销毁状态：

  活动从返回栈中移除后就变成了销毁状态。

4.3 生命周期

Activity类中定义了7种回调方法，覆盖了活动生命周期的每一个环节：

• onCreate()：完成活动的初始化操作，比如加载布局，绑定事件
• onStart():在活动由不可见变为可见的时候调用
• onResume()：在活动准备好和用户进行交互时调用。该活动一定处于返回栈栈顶，且处于运行状态
• onPause()：系统准备去启动或者恢复另一个活动的时候调用。该方法的执行速度一定要快，否则会影响到新的栈顶活动的使用
• onStop：在活动完全不可见时调用，与前者的区别时启动的新活动是一个对话框式的活动，那么onPause()方法会得到执行，而该方法不会
• onDestory()：在活动被销毁之前调用，之后活动变为销毁状态
• onRestart()：由停止状态变为运行时状态之前调用，活动被重新启动。

除了**onRestart()**方法之外，其他都是两两相对的，活动分为3中生存期：

• 完整生存期：活动在onCreate()和onDestrory()之间经历的就是完整生存期
• 可见生存期：活动在onStart()和onStop之间经历的就是可见生存期。活动对于用户总是可见的，即便有可能无法和用户进行交互。
• 前台生存期：活动在onResume()和onPause()之间经历的就是前台生存期。活动总是处于运行状态，此时活动可以和用户进行交互

[外链图片转存失败(img-SiLfeKn5-1565323366159)(https://developer.android.com/guide/components/images/activity_lifecycle.png)]

4.4 活动被回收

如果一个活动进入停止状态，有可能被系统回收，其中的数据在回收时可能得不到保存。

Activity中提供了一个onSaveInstanceState()回调方法，这个方法可以保证活动被回收之前一定被调用，可以通过这个方法来保存数据。

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">protected</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onSaveInstanceState</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Bundle outState<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">super</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">onSaveInstanceState</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>outState<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        String tempData <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#669900">"Something you just typed"</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        outState<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">putString</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"data_key"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> tempData<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

•  

数据的取值可以在onCreate()方法中取出

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#c678dd">if</span> <span style="color:#999999">(</span>savedInstanceState <span style="color:#669900">!=</span> null<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
            String tempData <span style="color:#669900">=</span> savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">getString</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"data_key"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
            Log<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">d</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>TAG<span style="color:#999999">,</span> tempData<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

•  

5. 横竖屏切换

App横竖屏切换的时候会销毁当前的Activity然后重新创建一个，横竖屏切换时Activity走下述生命周期：

onPause-> onStop-> onDestory-> onCreate->onStart->onResume

禁止横竖屏自动切换的话，在AndroidManifest.xml中为Activity添加一个属性：android:screenOrientaiton

6. 启动模式

启动模式一共有4种，分别是：standard，singleTop，singleTask和singleInstance。可以再AndroidManifest.xml中通过<activity>标签指定android:launchMode属性来选择启动模式。

6.1 standard

默认模式，每当启动一个新活动，就会在返回栈中入栈，并处于栈顶位置。该模式的活动无论这个活动是否在返回栈中存在，每次启动都会创建该活动的新实例。

6.2 singleTop

当活动指定为singleTop模式，启动活动时如果发现返回栈的栈顶已经是该活动，则认为可以直接使用它，不会再创建新的活动实例。

6.2 singleTask

当活动的启动模式指定为singleTask，每次启动该活动系统首先会在返回栈中检查是否存在该活动的实例，如果发现就直接使用，并把这个活动之上的所有活动统统出栈。如果没有发现就创建一个新的活动实例。

6.4 singleInstance

指定为singleInstance模式的活动会启用一个新的返回栈来管理这个活动（如果singleTask模式指定了不同的taskAffinity，也会启动一个新的返回栈）。这种模式解决了其他程序和我们的程序共享一个活动的实例

7. 简单技巧

7.1 快速定位某个界面对应的活动

新建一个Java类：BaseActivity，继承AppCompatActivity,重写onCreate()方法。

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">protected</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">@Nullable</span> Bundle savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">super</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        Log<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">d</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"BaseActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">getClass</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">getSimpleName</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

•  

在oncreate()方法中获取了当前实例的类名，然后将项目中所有活动的父类都不再继承AppCompatActivity，而是继承BaseActivity，这样查看日志，，每当进入一个活动的界面，该活动的类名就被打印出来。

7.2 随时退出程序

按home键只是将程序挂起，并没有退出程序，如果程序需要一个注销或者退出的功能，只需要一个专门的集合类对所有的活动进行管理就可以。

新建一个ActivityCollector类作为活动管理器：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span> ActivityCollector <span style="color:#999999">{</span>

    <span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">static</span> List<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#999999"><</span>Activity<span style="color:#999999">></span></span> activities <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> ArrayList<span style="color:#669900"><</span><span style="color:#669900">></span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>

    <span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">static</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">addActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Activity activity<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        activities<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">add</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>activity<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>

    <span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">static</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">removeActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Activity activity<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        activities<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">remove</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>activity<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>

    <span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">static</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">finishAll</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">for</span> <span style="color:#999999">(</span>Activity activity <span style="color:#669900">:</span> activities<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
            <span style="color:#c678dd">if</span> <span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">!</span>activity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">isFinishing</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
                activity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">finish</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
            <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
        <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

•  

修改BaseActivity

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">class</span> BaseActivity <span style="color:#c678dd">extends</span> AppCompatActivity <span style="color:#999999">{</span>

    <span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">protected</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">@Nullable</span> Bundle savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">super</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">onCreate</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>savedInstanceState<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        Log<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">d</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"BaseActivity"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">getClass</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">getSimpleName</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        ActivityCollector<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">addActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#c678dd">this</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>

    <span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
    <span style="color:#c678dd">protected</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onDestroy</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        <span style="color:#c678dd">super</span><span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">onDestroy</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        ActivityCollector<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">removeActivity</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#c678dd">this</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
<span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

如果需要在某个地方退出程序，调用ActivityCollector.finishAll()方法就可以。

可以再销毁所有活动代码的后面加上杀掉当前进程，确保程序完全退出：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">android<span style="color:#999999">.</span>os<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Process<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">killProcess</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>android<span style="color:#999999">.</span>os<span style="color:#999999">.</span>Process<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">myPid</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
</code></span>

• 1

7.2启动活动最佳写法

如果你的模块需要将一些重要数据传递给另一个模块，例如两个字符串参数，但是你不清楚启动这个活动需要传递哪些数据，只需在启动活动添加一个actionStart()方法。

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java"><span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">static</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">actionStart</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>Context context<span style="color:#999999">,</span> String data1<span style="color:#999999">,</span> String data2<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
        Intent intent <span style="color:#669900">=</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> Intent<span style="color:#999999">(</span>context<span style="color:#999999">,</span> SecondActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">class</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">putExtra</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"param1"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> data1<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        intent<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">putExtra</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#669900">"param2"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> data2<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
        context<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">startActivities</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>intent<span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
    <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
</code></span>

•  

如果你想要启动该活动，只需：

<span style="color:#000000"><code class="language-java">button1<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">setOnClickListener</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#c678dd">new</span> View<span style="color:#999999">.</span>OnClickListener<span style="color:#999999">(</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>

            <span style="color:#999999">@Override</span>
            <span style="color:#c678dd">public</span> <span style="color:#c678dd">void</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">onClick</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>View v<span style="color:#999999">)</span> <span style="color:#999999">{</span>
            	SecondActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#61aeee">actionStart</span><span style="color:#999999">(</span>FirstActivity<span style="color:#999999">.</span><span style="color:#c678dd">this</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">"data1"</span><span style="color:#999999">,</span> <span style="color:#669900">"data2"</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span><span style="color:#999999">;</span>
            <span style="color:#999999">}</span>
 <span style="color:#999999">}</span></code></span>