Python 提示TypeError: write() argument must be str, not bytes

在自己敲机器学习实战（Machine Learning in Action）决策树一章的代码时，准备将构造的树存储及读取时出现

pickle.dump(inputTree, fw)
TypeError: write() argument must be str, not bytes
看着提示信息是说write（）参数必须是字符，不能是字节。粗看不知道是什么意思。打开源代码后发现以下几段描述：

The optional *protocol* argument tells the pickler to use the
given protocol; supported protocols are 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.  The
default protocol is 3; a backward-incompatible protocol designed
for Python 3.

Specifying a negative protocol version selects the highest
protocol version supported.  The higher the protocol used, the
more recent the version of Python needed to read the pickle
produced.

The *file* argument must have a write() method that accepts a
single bytes argument. It can thus be a file object opened for
binary writing, an io.BytesIO instance, or any other custom
object that meets this interface.

If *fix_imports* is True and *protocol* is less than 3, pickle
will try to map the new Python 3 names to the old module names
used in Python 2, so that the pickle data stream is readable
with Python 2.

               

从到数第二段的内容可以发现，这个函数要求读写文件以二进制读写，因此只要将定义的两个函数中（上图中蓝色标记的地方）fw=open（filename,'w'）和fr=open（filename，‘r’）改为fw=open（filename，‘wb’）和fr=open（filename，‘rb'）就可以完美解决问题。