2019HDU多校赛第九场

1001 Rikka with Quicksort

已知递推式：

给出$1\le m\le n\le 10^9$，求$g_m(n)$ mod 10⁹+7

先不考虑$m$，暂记为$g(i)$
$$\begin{gathered} g(i)=i-1+\frac{2}{i}\sum _{j=0}^{i-1}g(j) \\ i\ast g(i)=i(i-1)+2\sum _{j=0}^{i-1}g(j) \\ (i-1)\ast g(i-1)=(i-1)(i-2)+2\sum _{j=0}^{i-2}g(j) \end{gathered}$$
两式相减得：
$$\begin{gathered} i\ast g(i)=2(i-1)+(i+1)\ast g(i-1) \\ \frac{g(i)}{i+1}=\frac{2(i-1)}{i(i+1)}+\frac{g(i-1)}{i} \end{gathered}$$
令$b_i=\frac{g(i)}{i+1}$，得$b_i=b_{i-1}+\frac{2(i-1)}{i(i+1)}$
可以看出$b_i$就是后面那个东西的前缀和。考虑$m$的限制，我们的递推应当从$i=m+2$开始，容易得到$g_m(m+1)=\frac{m}{m+2}$，所以$b_{m+1}=m$，只需要用$n$的前缀和减去$m+1$的前缀和再加上$m$就可以得到$b_n$，乘上$n+1$就是答案。

对于后面那个的前缀和可以分段打表，每200000个前缀和分成一块，共5000块，余下的暴力计算即可。

Code：
（代码中计算b时是根据分子从1到i-1，所以是用的n-1的前缀和减去m的前缀和）

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int mod = 1e9+7, len = 200000;
int T,n,m,fac[len+5]={1},inv[len+5]={1};
int f[]={0,77238457,513254914,735074456,739486466,903236543,197267783,665252650,328875726,217047248,588865143,662528622,2334966,578145734,648343034,654159909,861586892,844261204,908901175,99526397,901453314,590008874,111326801,9024868,29215409,645734439,10112313,408096890,128641507,406012362,476817918,109545171,570521241,179667062,690225515,460012107,771295919,673914228,273568797,633351424,576975110,821374123,31156780,925337161,953186899,592375965,183469575,741258024,754069279,579571970,562966670,945029672,619716832,402642437,735966112,603740807,479309495,369184233,924964276,980367566,615265315,907871099,431120098,743037801,395722635,150845912,866909190,271009475,176530329,57962793,676154985,700491921,472152034,926296817,727447227,610860889,889498998,324383048,611367721,64034519,137063400,76264107,172783980,476294275,101909821,682677709,699718934,796661328,838994023,476732795,388573406,970320176,476650513,534727303,798858099,39477457,286559185,335809071,758946390,416536799,196991375,41705338,714716268,234209392,126839109,314495345,625481118,536320165,339203323,646254382,734476918,447520986,859435546,423125711,370933705,294800575,899957782,47407648,807422054,646328372,41231131,911063270,441705132,375835007,789249739,341059229,935222910,570967698,578673271,844251418,825258218,64997260,436922424,302425604,802006367,179797242,42739376,419961334,108660299,87338003,4096118,78658379,796967186,989291139,366101172,535254783,834037289,976839115,68555305,552260552,557917842,855948152,50076389,646834347,275980580,627901149,930233949,213187135,50423037,428926092,83858366,194022139,356128412,101003466,69855490,944867928,753128323,688931489,385719251,312074582,4505002,133791877,909919087,381599168,841942249,270336417,192865136,46193770,34816563,900846558,56185636,744919917,551847264,859840957,532931077,751627108,215126905,362068494,973749163,385466466,631447365,373239943,752523309,737604328,93333298,475776305,530124222,148045541,612571583,860174188,87402497,112166337,856918045,708005724,748361742,937552852,889906878,469910456,707463513,950019213,367710969,133297701,534221683,653390848,423251868,123204678,298278488,743344142,113387558,405905626,521285535,924330210,750133849,572038173,807974342,194873822,753315919,992382603,789370898,127212023,516650730,179396923,30037319,710311113,67304047,73802993,429083858,88328882,713183306,447965440,738017052,421880728,399126515,710617224,406196098,955166422,549320845,199367780,434330606,835969022,904768555,399975373,553843088,473814121,895676905,115020902,451644534,882034866,67226040,171609200,839269605,456273823,532316115,205900676,175710369,205320764,164092502,76693382,994037125,593173988,577177086,351547650,580288266,654402761,638571648,239014487,263207835,543634249,771254632,294262106,753693367,687894532,705982690,424742296,759829255,320386208,113239248,326948640,511223054,613446517,3917161,803504319,490012786,618302906,948154196,18742978,709323049,926974354,709105800,164650266,921247297,412574133,143181162,747782557,986286808,367569830,967707005,92566627,603246700,802434104,719145967,135055677,52799410,210595853,985410019,322410978,34424624,734340726,999429856,906088572,481321788,715025983,62744449,756423072,795532478,60453812,418858445,820250791,891280306,162848277,486459067,239292379,748670227,852829799,993023279,53622204,970723930,423468930,391686297,680500817,316970295,212556561,462230312,735179496,318895180,123538323,742799706,346761691,219073350,656995162,475707948,390564285,299195623,385631219,404333634,206144738,344970181,149988149,386187813,991824491,907686296,710859355,385796090,684742371,683224319,686185536,995017583,326411248,862400687,17031260,415645873,88072135,166427651,745955312,81482250,658643546,365927585,605749368,765130518,153765706,549958731,628234938,180869495,202428931,347631393,918246632,43918598,822062174,728159694,727530368,743970206,394874240,310521438,708737949,288897882,436863622,599523523,841028226,941867336,631011017,666407559,609134317,568574374,658260303,236613244,812263577,629600640,279670310,616578811,652885412,887432143,653774719,768384288,889815812,979500529,742623309,741179815,149969660,433316336,319268639,451605629,603470943,827652948,418095531,320561091,310510913,462709271,901094288,530504645,790280647,820431559,560749711,410585617,885342238,445896648,805243415,815888094,216189173,508854098,858056271,61996706,126129716,883582498,285209486,91465057,744306140,647196500,402421122,68152758,648946799,377623444,475045269,621876768,997630007,465952685,121198569,348855592,40117754,495118545,99370554,699252362,845142629,539913764,117974858,581206699,605777689,843976002,451230278,391985606,233812627,492344560,565494397,731205611,695071790,413945440,331153144,719792342,587607406,974687614,258455080,154447643,249419638,809659319,907093549,9934367,921161760,294902945,856941877,365592096,242077505,727227414,152650837,428580889,568770178,640460277,798436342,778438873,162051364,95483926,575735143,616087699,981255618,481563909,478369051,512448393,22766957,76665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75,571291271,871174709,455351693,428547961,22043905,611028380,794142736,194521346,379640967,454172657,439965265,93911664,884684142,182095364,241400872,974383936,51510290,228874120,704535016,604949776,568809039,212780817,169887115,483528756,947326834,256331090,682330580,951043872,902878385,195527071,360309480,551913006,107733310,128571548,200649310,649401862,910852687,362972368,549827099,668627329,817315215,689325131,361300104,262678625,81257054,294112631,127410907,116593777,76683586,911663828,893775416,101931422,953775469,114514980,17574766,153936539,810247288,903419887,634402349,128629625,30774137,132580147,192545491,843179124,984635886,841680602,361566509,643040197,11905127,929501067,289689812,961229195,823679693,379261634,726622127,793007199,462370530,687766196,323933674,799489585,586143061,111369831,282662984,415101427,714947775,975685957,222404338,794707986,894527776,929043020,523674624,121058011,417845809,649800322,249461872,68171388,962772080,693469059,120585402,673755973,813866819,136193187,466172754,808551868,515021103,85296125,73460793,903218270,765561079,751083761,405926076,148319066,167606643,480087787,363451294,710587648,633149269,677922171,277438607,427574684,408432888,284979953,488726380,987471714,891193570,586491434,306136984,694469624,472747107,871791839,982131226,379146802,448050294,526766267,978296793,960638522,170009867,482042401,169884490,468890584,184451211,631638462,39351411,552844873,252727731,825159340,305585014,765013974,591528299,897172676,909423673,945397164,841796443,563917459,474306948,690612138,747759914,85321499,167310471,424904694,954320869,516509895,714775824,359388588,658763752,331995604,35650987,628671666,714641082,698121769,756664328,915287014,24091081,606841816,60548123,31480707,144463697,389393247,117789735,772768461,309920912,773507413,993873289,990884770,502845062,502025985,333379741,571383740,680859937,868825046,324890935,813263919,737139079,784010140,73038996,717496070,717806825,336101058,761514327,963204925,311087975,218658138,1319935,900955380,16733687,536527990,958019783,633825387,698123827,272455890,484494961,552617085,140957577,668999255,609696356,645957648,784728146,516007345,781766438,253544529,945767020,652235911,548478851,820828067,440767488,453006555,403639235,881812450,413006512,103235400,76486363,684174990,508839674,486749560,180150895,86740341,818523788,851069905,826131106,173442268,121627183,350390613,765944103,965622473,822923395,105793031,522937998,913357187,190399325,268419606,111076536,577398547,710970857,655475051,563536939,550744226,591691656,618307902,731658387,172027744,690771909,811165481,446795086,965152790,754535813,840189709,782478803,238366943,222507384,959706524,929631305,472581298,700468865,131713866,181506859,551173736,865223926,813539560,991596574,275406591,663686523,89044991,899753992,396552986,650324937,844919549,930893148,572409576,556575059,257326041,374827672,65152813,532845084,300879468,425585059,222464424,552999199,365811845,491918928,981952924,321811713,209009085,811398131,178356146,220839696,289685927,937387125,843357297,83904,286329306,224095669,221705782,32810371,366427206,90660674,79765038,322807176,379697341,767330285,866232570,570339190,110833502,34627126,439530074,382257278,6429572,277084913,461172162,743025294,122346014,524628,317170029,608974283,129437077,76962546,782741013,528118851,918924135,373840955,738594034,72921793,204801387,732326677,794107442,745966521,460320845,176929143,71276301,681149980,663349019,760858136,609556955,833043510,506286105,841232622,73391565,465016594,800780414,888563906,505858559,185319574,533372657,754619582,596150628,335501167,507625558,645510778,145571012,421778517,938228819,671059220,867212110,344864967,816190049,690009931,257892979,562539857,123329649,508862331,537744164,112804425,840356513,111316543,61778055,901119956,760829249,885862315,268032349,658649848,466077768,883842879,450645280,392661944,808066346,577918771,614926711,986345193,793228860,96881902,999747536,290361306,245135207,557282357,903744792,720916335,785013267,163500147,154941960,798061126,207804998,185518533,347090981,203594355,255833480,736110745,633986771,647783183,850847721,75400313,828188108,607755850,973267110,205247944,968277083,246373920,303073920,256754198,493876655,135758163,711763334,110593079,164842399,288116080,608380610,431502996,187689696,707973556,57319320,840807229,262009993,739250278,581359444,656853503,475629429,88498171,405827034,850130482,671477666,557262016,949402058,366666669};
inline int Pow(int a,int b){
    int s=1;
    for(;b;b>>=1,a=1ll*a*a%mod) if(b&1) s=1ll*s*a%mod;
    return s;
}
int solve(int n){
	int ret=f[n/len],i=n/len*len; n%=len;
	for(int j=1;j<=n+2;j++) fac[j]=1ll*fac[j-1]*(i+j)%mod;
	inv[n+2]=Pow(fac[n+2],mod-2);
	for(int j=n+1;j>=1;j--) inv[j]=1ll*inv[j+1]*(i+j+1)%mod;
	for(int j=1;j<=n;j++) ret=(ret+2ll*(i+j)*inv[j+2]%mod*fac[j])%mod;
	return ret;
}
int main()
{
	scanf("%d",&T);
	while(T--){
		scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);//bi=bi-1+2*(i-1)/(i*(i+1))
		printf("%d\n",(solve(n-1)-solve(m)+mod+1ll*m*Pow(m+2,mod-2)%mod)*(n+1)%mod);
	}
}

1004 Rikka with Geometric Sequence

求1,2,3,…n这个序列中满足$a_i^2=a_{i-1}\ast a_{i+1}(1<i<k)$的子序列的数量。
$n\le 5\ast 10^{17}$

$\frac{a_i}{a_{i-1}}=\frac{a_{i+1}}{a_i}$可以看出这是个等比数列。但是注意公比不一定是整数。
官方题解：

这里用x表示等比数列的最后一项而不是第一项，是因为当最后一项确定后，第一项就是$x\ast \frac{b^{k-1}}{a^{k-1}}$，只需要得到一个与a互质的b就一定有解。而用y表示第一项，就需要考虑$y\ast \frac{a^{k-1}}{b^{k-1}}$是否小于等于n，而且也并不好求互质的a。

对于$\frac{n}{a^2}$的整除分块优化，令$k=\lfloor \frac{n}{a^2}\rfloor$，$\frac{n}{k-1}<i^2\le \frac{n}{k}$对应的$i\in [\lfloor \sqrt{\frac{n}{k-1}}\rfloor ,\lfloor \sqrt{\frac{n}{k}}\rfloor ]$

后面的部分很妙但是也很自然，好题。

Code：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define maxn 50000005
#define LL long long
using namespace std;
const int mod = 998244353;
const int N = maxn-5;
LL n;
int T,nn,ans,phi[maxn],sum[maxn],p[maxn];
bool v[maxn];
map<LL,int>F;
void Prime(){
	phi[1]=1; int m=0;
	for(int i=2;i<=N;i++){
		if(!v[i]) p[++m]=i,phi[i]=i-1;
		for(int j=1,k;j<=m&&(k=i*p[j])<=N;j++){
			v[k]=1;
			if(i%p[j]==0) {phi[k]=phi[i]*p[j];break;}
			phi[k]=phi[i]*(p[j]-1);
		}
	}
	for(int i=1;i<=N;i++) sum[i]=(sum[i-1]+phi[i])%mod;
}
int Phi(LL n){
	if(n<=N) return sum[n];
	if(F.count(n)) return F[n];
	int nn=n%mod,ret=1ll*nn*(nn+1)/2%mod;
	for(LL i=2,j;i<=n;i=j+1){
		j=n/(n/i);
		ret=(ret-(j-i+1)%mod*Phi(n/i))%mod;
	}
	return F[n]=ret;
}
int main()
{
	Prime();
	scanf("%d",&T);
	while(T--){
		scanf("%lld",&n),nn=n%mod;
		ans = (nn + 1ll*nn*(nn-1)/2)%mod;
		for(LL a=2,A;;a++){
			if((A=a*a)>n/a) break;
			while(A<=n/a) A*=a,ans=(ans+1ll*phi[a]*(n/A%mod))%mod;
		}
		for(LL a=2,b,tmp;a*a<=n;a=b+1){
			b=(LL)sqrt(n/(tmp=n/(a*a))),tmp%=mod;
			ans=(ans+(Phi(b)-Phi(a-1))*tmp)%mod;
		}
		printf("%d\n",(ans+mod)%mod);
	}
}

1008 Rikka with Stable Marriage

n个男生，每个人值为$a_i$，n个女生，每个人值为$b_i$，两个人的喜欢度为$a_i\oplus b_j$（异或）。
求一个稳定婚姻匹配，使得$\sum a_i\oplus b_{p_i}$最大。稳定指的是两个不同配对的人不会私奔 。
$n\le 100000$

异或值最大，容易想到trie树。
考虑把男生和女生分别放到一棵trie树里面，然后考虑最高位：首先肯定是让不同子树的男生女生进行
匹配，如果左子树里有一对，右子树里有一对，那么交换他们的伴侣肯定一个更好的选择。
但是左右子树可能不均匀，如果配对的其中一棵子树的大小小于另外一棵（同一个人面对多个选择，例如两个选择$i$和$j$）时，应选择当前最优的配对（设为$i$）。因为如果选了当前劣的配对（$j$），有可能把$i$剩给与ta上一位相同的子树得到的异或总值会更大（例如男生111,010和女生100,111，二号男生的最优策略是一号女生，但是他选二号女生总值会更大），但是这样是不稳定的，因为$i$更喜欢自己，而自己也更喜欢$i$。
所以策略就是左右匹配，剩下的内部匹配，每次的匹配规则是相同的，都是取最优。

因为每递归$O(\log a_i)$层一定会有一对新人产生，所以总的时间复杂度是$O(n\log a_i)$的。

如果这个题不要求稳定匹配，而要求异或出的值排序后字典序最小，可以用同样的方法贪心，因为要保证最小的尽量小。

Code：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define maxn 100005*30
#define LL long long
using namespace std;
int T,n,tot[2];
LL ans;
struct Trie{
	int ch[2],siz,val;
	Trie(){ch[0]=ch[1]=siz=val=0;}
}t[2][maxn];
void insert(int o,int x){
	int u=1,v;t[o][u].siz++;
	for(int i=30;i>=0;i--){
		if(!t[o][u].ch[v=x>>i&1]) t[o][t[o][u].ch[v]=++tot[o]].val=t[o][u].val|(v?1<<i:0);
		t[o][u=t[o][u].ch[v]].siz++;
	}
}
inline void upd(int o,int x){t[o][x].siz=t[o][t[o][x].ch[0]].siz+t[o][t[o][x].ch[1]].siz;}
void match(int u,int v){
	ans+=t[0][u].val^t[1][v].val;
	t[0][u].siz--,t[1][v].siz--;
}
void solve(int u,int v,int dep){
	if(!t[0][u].siz||!t[1][v].siz) return;
	if(!dep) {match(u,v);return;}
	for(int i=0;i<2;i++) solve(t[0][u].ch[i],t[1][v].ch[!i],dep-1);
	for(int i=0;i<2;i++) solve(t[0][u].ch[i],t[1][v].ch[i],dep-1);
	upd(0,u),upd(1,v);
}
int main()
{
	scanf("%d",&T);
	while(T--){
		scanf("%d",&n),ans=0;
		for(int i=0;i<2;i++) for(int j=1;j<=tot[i];j++) t[i][j]=Trie();
		tot[0]=tot[1]=1;
		for(int i=1,x;i<=n;i++) scanf("%d",&x),insert(0,x);
		for(int i=1,x;i<=n;i++) scanf("%d",&x),insert(1,x);
		solve(1,1,31);
		printf("%lld\n",ans);
	}
}

1011 Rikka with Segment Tree

按照线段树的分治过程，区间$[l,r]$会被分成$\left[l,\lfloor \frac{l+r}{2}\rfloor \right],\left[\lfloor \frac{l+r}{2}\rfloor +1,r\right]$直到$l=r$。
设$f(i,n)$表示$[i,i]$在线段树$[1,n]$中的深度（根$[1,n]$的深度为1）。
给出$1\le L\le R\le 10^{18}$，求${\sum }_{n=L}^R{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}f(i,n)\ast i\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}998244353$

毒瘤神奇的递归题。

把N棵线段树列出来：

设$g(n)={\sum }_{i=1}^{n}dep[i,i]\ast i\in [1,n]$，$G(N)={\sum }_{n=1}^{N}g(n)$。
将左子树按照奇偶分组，会发现它们的长度是$1,1,2,2,3,3...$，右子树也有此性质，所以可以考虑按奇偶分组之后递归求$G$。
那么我们就只需要再考虑 合并左右子树时右边叶子增加的编号*深度，和整体的深度加1。

后者我们可以直接计算，结果为${\sum }_{n=2}^N\frac{n\ast (n+1)}{2}=\frac{N(N+1)(N+2)}{2}-1$

前者需要两个东西，一个是$F(N)={\sum }_{n=1}^N[1,n]的叶子的深度和$，另一个是$H(N)={\sum }_{n=1}^N[1,n]的叶子的深度和\ast n$。
右边增加的编号就是右边的区间长度(分奇偶看是否+1)，用$H$和$F$加一下就可以计算了。

计算$H$和$F$时同样是考虑左右子树合并和整体深度加1，$F$只需要递归值加上$\frac{N(N+1)}{2}$，而$H$除了加上$2^2+3^2...$，还需要考虑右子树的叶子编号由$i$变为$2i$或$2i-1$，用递归值乘上2再减去一个F即可。

整个过程只会用到$\lfloor \frac{N}{2}\rfloor$，$\lceil \frac{N}{2}\rceil$或$\frac{N}{2}-1$，每一层最多有两种长度不同的区间，用map记忆化，总的复杂度是$O(lo{g}^2)$的。

思路来源于这篇博客，其中有较为具体的计算式推导。

Code：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define LL long long
using namespace std;
const int mod = 998244353, inv6 = 166374059;
int T;
LL L,R;//F: \sum\sum dep H: \sum n*\sum dep G: \sum \sum dep*id
map<LL,int>F,G,H;
void solve(LL n){
	if(G.count(n)) return;
	if(n<=1) {F[n]=G[n]=H[n]=n;return;}
	if(n&1){
		LL l=n>>1,r=(n+1)>>1,o=n%mod;
		solve(l),solve(r);
		F[n]=(3ll*F[l]+F[r]+1ll*o*(o+1)/2-1)%mod;
		H[n]=(6ll*H[l]+2ll*H[r]+F[l]-F[r]+o*(o+1)%mod*(2*o+1)%mod*inv6-1)%mod;
		G[n]=(3ll*G[l]+G[r]+2ll*H[l]+F[l]+o*(o+1)%mod*(o+2)%mod*inv6-1)%mod;
	}
	else{
		LL l=n>>1,r=(n>>1)-1,o=n%mod;
		solve(l),solve(r);
		F[n]=(3ll*F[l]+F[r]+1ll*o*(o+1)/2-1)%mod;
		H[n]=(6ll*H[l]+2ll*H[r]-F[l]+F[r]+o*(o+1)%mod*(2*o+1)%mod*inv6-1)%mod;
		G[n]=(3ll*G[l]+G[r]+H[l]+H[r]+F[r]+o*(o+1)%mod*(o+2)%mod*inv6-1)%mod;
	}
}
int main()
{
	scanf("%d",&T);
	while(T--){
		scanf("%lld%lld",&L,&R),solve(R),solve(L-1);
		printf("%d\n",((G[R]-G[L-1])%mod+mod)%mod);
	}
}