N - Channel Allocation

N - Channel Allocation
Time Limit:1000MS     Memory Limit:10000KB     64bit IO Format:%I64d & %I64u

Description

When a radio station is broadcasting over a very large area, repeaters are used to retransmit the signal so that every receiver has a strong signal. However, the channels used by each repeater must be carefully chosen so that nearby repeaters do not interfere with one another. This condition is satisfied if adjacent repeaters use different channels. 

Since the radio frequency spectrum is a precious resource, the number of channels required by a given network of repeaters should be minimised. You have to write a program that reads in a description of a repeater network and determines the minimum number of channels required.

Input

The input consists of a number of maps of repeater networks. Each map begins with a line containing the number of repeaters. This is between 1 and 26, and the repeaters are referred to by consecutive upper-case letters of the alphabet starting with A. For example, ten repeaters would have the names A,B,C,...,I and J. A network with zero repeaters indicates the end of input. 

Following the number of repeaters is a list of adjacency relationships. Each line has the form: 

A:BCDH 

which indicates that the repeaters B, C, D and H are adjacent to the repeater A. The first line describes those adjacent to repeater A, the second those adjacent to B, and so on for all of the repeaters. If a repeater is not adjacent to any other, its line has the form 

A: 

The repeaters are listed in alphabetical order. 

Note that the adjacency is a symmetric relationship; if A is adjacent to B, then B is necessarily adjacent to A. Also, since the repeaters lie in a plane, the graph formed by connecting adjacent repeaters does not have any line segments that cross. 

Output

For each map (except the final one with no repeaters), print a line containing the minumum number of channels needed so that no adjacent channels interfere. The sample output shows the format of this line. Take care that channels is in the singular form when only one channel is required.

Sample Input

2
A:
B:
4
A:BC
B:ACD
C:ABD
D:BC
4
A:BCD
B:ACD
C:ABD
D:ABC
0

Sample Output

1 channel needed.
3 channels needed.
4 channels needed. 

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Recall that to solve (P2) in the tth time frame, we observe ξt 􏰗 {hti, Qi(t), Yi(t)}Ni=1, consisting of the channel gains {hti}Ni=1 and the system queue states {Qi(t),Yi(t)}Ni=1, and accordingly decide the control action {xt, yt}, including the binary offloading decision xt and the continuous resource allocation yt 􏰗 􏰄τit, fit, eti,O, rit,O􏰅Ni=1. A close observation shows that although (P2) is a non-convex optimization problem, the resource allocation problem to optimize yt is in fact an “easy” convex problem if xt is fixed. In Section IV.B, we will propose a customized algorithm to efficiently obtain the optimal yt given xt in (P2). Here, we denote G􏰀xt,ξt􏰁 as the optimal value of (P2) by optimizing yt given the offloading decision xt and parameter ξt. Therefore, solving (P2) is equivalent to finding the optimal offloading decision (xt)∗, where (P3) : 􏰀xt􏰁∗ = arg maximize G 􏰀xt, ξt􏰁 . (20) xt ∈{0,1}N In general, obtaining (xt)∗ requires enumerating 2N offloading decisions, which leads to significantly high computational complexity even when N is moderate (e.g., N = 10). Other search based methods, such as branch-and-bound and block coordinate descent [29], are also time-consuming when N is large. In practice, neither method is applicable to online decision- making under fast-varying channel condition. Leveraging the DRL technique, we propose a LyDROO algorithm to construct a policy π that maps from the input ξt to the optimal action (xt)∗, i.e., π : ξt 􏰕→ (xt)∗, with very low complexity, e.g., tens of milliseconds computation time (i.e., the time duration from observing ξt to producing a control action {xt, yt}) when N = 10深度强化学习的动作是什么
最新发布
06-03

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