linux驱动框架

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-29 00:33:16 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-07-29 00:33:16 发布
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分类专栏： linux驱动框架 文章标签： linux 驱动程序
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/CallMe_Xu/article/details/107606558
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linux驱动框架

该文章会持续更新。

1. 总线

struct bus_type {
	const char		*name;
	const char		*dev_name;
	struct device		*dev_root;
	const struct attribute_group **bus_groups;
	const struct attribute_group **dev_groups;
	const struct attribute_group **drv_groups;

	int (*match)(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv);
	int (*uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
	int (*probe)(struct device *dev);
	void (*sync_state)(struct device *dev);
	int (*remove)(struct device *dev);
	void (*shutdown)(struct device *dev);

	int (*online)(struct device *dev);
	int (*offline)(struct device *dev);

	int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
	int (*resume)(struct device *dev);

	int (*num_vf)(struct device *dev);

	int (*dma_configure)(struct device *dev);

	const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;

	const struct iommu_ops *iommu_ops;

	struct subsys_private *p;
	struct lock_class_key lock_key;

	bool need_parent_lock;
};

struct bus_type结构体是对各种总线的抽象，包括虚拟的以及实际存在的。

每种总线都是struct bus_type结构体的一个实例化。

通常一种总线对应着一种协议。

linux总线的作用：

  • 作为传递数据的通道，他不关心数据的含义，只是作为cpu与外设通信的媒介，数据的含义cpu以及外设知道
  • 挂接依附在总线上的driver以及device
  • 匹配依附在总线上的driver以及device
  • 匹配成功后执行各种总线函数，比如probe等

1.1 platform总线

struct bus_type platform_bus_type = {
	.name		= "platform",
	.dev_groups	= platform_dev_groups,
	.match		= platform_match,
	.uevent		= platform_uevent,
	.dma_configure	= platform_dma_configure,
	.pm		= &platform_dev_pm_ops,
};

  1. 定义并设置struct platform_driver结构体

    static struct platform_driver s3c24xx_i2c_driver = {
	.probe		= s3c24xx_i2c_probe,
	.remove		= s3c24xx_i2c_remove,
	.id_table	= s3c24xx_driver_ids,
	.driver		= {
		.name	= "s3c-i2c",
		.pm	= S3C24XX_DEV_PM_OPS,
		.of_match_table = of_match_ptr(s3c24xx_i2c_match),
	},
};

  2. 注册struct platform_driver结构体

    static int __init i2c_adap_s3c_init(void)
{
	return platform_driver_register(&s3c24xx_i2c_driver);
}
subsys_initcall(i2c_adap_s3c_init);

  3. platform_driver_register()的执行逻辑

    • 设置struct device_driver结构体
    • 注册struct device_driver结构体
    /*
 * use a macro to avoid include chaining to get THIS_MODULE
 */
#define platform_driver_register(drv) \
	__platform_driver_register(drv, THIS_MODULE)

/**
 * __platform_driver_register - register a driver for platform-level devices
 * @drv: platform driver structure
 * @owner: owning module/driver
 */
int __platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv,
				struct module *owner)
{
	drv->driver.owner = owner;
	drv->driver.bus = &platform_bus_type;
	drv->driver.probe = platform_drv_probe;
	drv->driver.remove = platform_drv_remove;
	drv->driver.shutdown = platform_drv_shutdown;

	return driver_register(&drv->driver);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__platform_driver_register);

  4. driver_register()的执行逻辑

    • 将driver加入到struct platform_bus_type
    • 执行struct platform_bus_type的probe函数
      • 执行struct platform_driver的probe函数
    • 执行struct device_driver的probe函数
    /**
 * driver_register - register driver with bus
 * @drv: driver to register
 *
 * We pass off most of the work to the bus_add_driver() call,
 * since most of the things we have to do deal with the bus
 * structures.
 */
int driver_register(struct device_driver *drv)
{
	int ret;
	struct device_driver *other;

	if (!drv->bus->p) {
		pr_err("Driver '%s' was unable to register with bus_type '%s' because the bus was not initialized.\n",
			   drv->name, drv->bus->name);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if ((drv->bus->probe && drv->probe) ||
	    (drv->bus->remove && drv->remove) ||
	    (drv->bus->shutdown && drv->shutdown))
		printk(KERN_WARNING "Driver '%s' needs updating - please use "
			"bus_type methods\n", drv->name);

	other = driver_find(drv->name, drv->bus);
	if (other) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "Error: Driver '%s' is already registered, "
			"aborting...\n", drv->name);
		return -EBUSY;
	}

	ret = bus_add_driver(drv);
	if (ret)
		return ret;
	ret = driver_add_groups(drv, drv->groups);
	if (ret) {
		bus_remove_driver(drv);
		return ret;
	}
	kobject_uevent(&drv->p->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);

	return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(driver_register);

1.2 spi总线

struct bus_type spi_bus_type = {
	.name		= "spi",
	.dev_groups	= spi_dev_groups,
	.match		= spi_match_device,
	.uevent		= spi_uevent,
};

1.3 i2c总线

struct bus_type i2c_bus_type = {
	.name		= "i2c",
	.match		= i2c_device_match,
	.probe		= i2c_device_probe,
	.remove		= i2c_device_remove,
	.shutdown	= i2c_device_shutdown,
};

1.4 usb总线

struct bus_type usb_bus_type = {
	.name =		"usb",
	.match =	usb_device_match,
	.uevent =	usb_uevent,
	.need_parent_lock =	true,
};

1.5 mmc总线

static struct bus_type mmc_bus_type = {
	.name		= "mmc",
	.dev_groups	= mmc_dev_groups,
	.match		= mmc_bus_match,
	.uevent		= mmc_bus_uevent,
	.probe		= mmc_bus_probe,
	.remove		= mmc_bus_remove,
	.shutdown	= mmc_bus_shutdown,
	.pm		= &mmc_bus_pm_ops,
};

1.6 sdio总线

static struct bus_type sdio_bus_type = {
	.name		= "sdio",
	.dev_groups	= sdio_dev_groups,
	.match		= sdio_bus_match,
	.uevent		= sdio_bus_uevent,
	.probe		= sdio_bus_probe,
	.remove		= sdio_bus_remove,
	.pm		= &sdio_bus_pm_ops,
};

2. 总线驱动

struct device_driver {
	const char		*name;
	struct bus_type		*bus;

	struct module		*owner;
	const char		*mod_name;	/* used for built-in modules */

	bool suppress_bind_attrs;	/* disables bind/unbind via sysfs */
	enum probe_type probe_type;

	const struct of_device_id	*of_match_table;
	const struct acpi_device_id	*acpi_match_table;

	int (*probe) (struct device *dev);
	void (*sync_state)(struct device *dev);
	int (*remove) (struct device *dev);
	void (*shutdown) (struct device *dev);
	int (*suspend) (struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
	int (*resume) (struct device *dev);
	const struct attribute_group **groups;
	const struct attribute_group **dev_groups;

	const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;
	void (*coredump) (struct device *dev);

	struct driver_private *p;
};

struct device_driver作为各个驱动的基类，每种驱动都是对其的继承

2.1 platform驱动

struct platform_driver {
	int (*probe)(struct platform_device *);
	int (*remove)(struct platform_device *);
	void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *);
	int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state);
	int (*resume)(struct platform_device *);
	struct device_driver driver;
	const struct platform_device_id *id_table;
	bool prevent_deferred_probe;
};

2.2 spi驱动

struct spi_driver {
	const struct spi_device_id *id_table;
	int			(*probe)(struct spi_device *spi);
	int			(*remove)(struct spi_device *spi);
	void			(*shutdown)(struct spi_device *spi);
	struct device_driver	driver;
};

2.3 i2c驱动

struct i2c_driver {
	unsigned int class;

	/* Standard driver model interfaces */
	int (*probe)(struct i2c_client *client, const struct i2c_device_id *id);
	int (*remove)(struct i2c_client *client);

	/* New driver model interface to aid the seamless removal of the
	 * current probe()'s, more commonly unused than used second parameter.
	 */
	int (*probe_new)(struct i2c_client *client);

	/* driver model interfaces that don't relate to enumeration  */
	void (*shutdown)(struct i2c_client *client);

	/* Alert callback, for example for the SMBus alert protocol.
	 * The format and meaning of the data value depends on the protocol.
	 * For the SMBus alert protocol, there is a single bit of data passed
	 * as the alert response's low bit ("event flag").
	 * For the SMBus Host Notify protocol, the data corresponds to the
	 * 16-bit payload data reported by the slave device acting as master.
	 */
	void (*alert)(struct i2c_client *client, enum i2c_alert_protocol protocol,
		      unsigned int data);

	/* a ioctl like command that can be used to perform specific functions
	 * with the device.
	 */
	int (*command)(struct i2c_client *client, unsigned int cmd, void *arg);

	struct device_driver driver;
	const struct i2c_device_id *id_table;

	/* Device detection callback for automatic device creation */
	int (*detect)(struct i2c_client *client, struct i2c_board_info *info);
	const unsigned short *address_list;
	struct list_head clients;

	bool disable_i2c_core_irq_mapping;
};

2.4 usb驱动

struct usb_driver {
	const char *name;

	int (*probe) (struct usb_interface *intf,
		      const struct usb_device_id *id);

	void (*disconnect) (struct usb_interface *intf);

	int (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct usb_interface *intf, unsigned int code,
			void *buf);

	int (*suspend) (struct usb_interface *intf, pm_message_t message);
	int (*resume) (struct usb_interface *intf);
	int (*reset_resume)(struct usb_interface *intf);

	int (*pre_reset)(struct usb_interface *intf);
	int (*post_reset)(struct usb_interface *intf);

	const struct usb_device_id *id_table;
	const struct attribute_group **dev_groups;

	struct usb_dynids dynids;
	struct usbdrv_wrap drvwrap;
	unsigned int no_dynamic_id:1;
	unsigned int supports_autosuspend:1;
	unsigned int disable_hub_initiated_lpm:1;
	unsigned int soft_unbind:1;
};

2.5 mmc驱动

struct mmc_driver {
	struct device_driver drv;
	int (*probe)(struct mmc_card *card);
	void (*remove)(struct mmc_card *card);
	void (*shutdown)(struct mmc_card *card);
};

2.6 sdio驱动

struct sdio_driver {
	char *name;
	const struct sdio_device_id *id_table;

	int (*probe)(struct sdio_func *, const struct sdio_device_id *);
	void (*remove)(struct sdio_func *);

	struct device_driver drv;
};

3. 总线设备

struct device {
	struct kobject kobj;
	struct device		*parent;

	struct device_private	*p;

	const char		*init_name; /* initial name of the device */
	const struct device_type *type;

	struct bus_type	*bus;		/* type of bus device is on */
	struct device_driver *driver;	/* which driver has allocated this
					   device */
	void		*platform_data;	/* Platform specific data, device
					   core doesn't touch it */
	void		*driver_data;	/* Driver data, set and get with
					   dev_set_drvdata/dev_get_drvdata */
#ifdef CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING
	struct mutex		lockdep_mutex;
#endif
	struct mutex		mutex;	/* mutex to synchronize calls to
					 * its driver.
					 */

	struct dev_links_info	links;
	struct dev_pm_info	power;
	struct dev_pm_domain	*pm_domain;

#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_MSI_IRQ_DOMAIN
	struct irq_domain	*msi_domain;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PINCTRL
	struct dev_pin_info	*pins;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_MSI_IRQ
	struct list_head	msi_list;
#endif

	const struct dma_map_ops *dma_ops;
	u64		*dma_mask;	/* dma mask (if dma'able device) */
	u64		coherent_dma_mask;/* Like dma_mask, but for
					     alloc_coherent mappings as
					     not all hardware supports
					     64 bit addresses for consistent
					     allocations such descriptors. */
	u64		bus_dma_limit;	/* upstream dma constraint */
	unsigned long	dma_pfn_offset;

	struct device_dma_parameters *dma_parms;

	struct list_head	dma_pools;	/* dma pools (if dma'ble) */

#ifdef CONFIG_DMA_DECLARE_COHERENT
	struct dma_coherent_mem	*dma_mem; /* internal for coherent mem
					     override */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DMA_CMA
	struct cma *cma_area;		/* contiguous memory area for dma
					   allocations */
#endif
	/* arch specific additions */
	struct dev_archdata	archdata;

	struct device_node	*of_node; /* associated device tree node */
	struct fwnode_handle	*fwnode; /* firmware device node */

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	int		numa_node;	/* NUMA node this device is close to */
#endif
	dev_t			devt;	/* dev_t, creates the sysfs "dev" */
	u32			id;	/* device instance */

	spinlock_t		devres_lock;
	struct list_head	devres_head;

	struct class		*class;
	const struct attribute_group **groups;	/* optional groups */

	void	(*release)(struct device *dev);
	struct iommu_group	*iommu_group;
	struct dev_iommu	*iommu;

	bool			offline_disabled:1;
	bool			offline:1;
	bool			of_node_reused:1;
	bool			state_synced:1;
#if defined(CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYNC_DMA_FOR_DEVICE) || \
    defined(CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYNC_DMA_FOR_CPU) || \
    defined(CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SYNC_DMA_FOR_CPU_ALL)
	bool			dma_coherent:1;
#endif
};

struct device作为各个设备的基类，每种设备都是对其的继承

3.1 platform设备

struct platform_device {
	const char	*name;
	int		id;
	bool		id_auto;
	struct device	dev;
	u64		platform_dma_mask;
	struct device_dma_parameters dma_parms;
	u32		num_resources;
	struct resource	*resource;

	const struct platform_device_id	*id_entry;
	char *driver_override; /* Driver name to force a match */

	/* MFD cell pointer */
	struct mfd_cell *mfd_cell;

	/* arch specific additions */
	struct pdev_archdata	archdata;
};

3.2 主机控制器设备

3.2.1 spi_controller
struct spi_controller {
	struct device	dev;

	struct list_head list;

	/* other than negative (== assign one dynamically), bus_num is fully
	 * board-specific.  usually that simplifies to being SOC-specific.
	 * example:  one SOC has three SPI controllers, numbered 0..2,
	 * and one board's schematics might show it using SPI-2.  software
	 * would normally use bus_num=2 for that controller.
	 */
	s16			bus_num;

	/* chipselects will be integral to many controllers; some others
	 * might use board-specific GPIOs.
	 */
	u16			num_chipselect;

	/* some SPI controllers pose alignment requirements on DMAable
	 * buffers; let protocol drivers know about these requirements.
	 */
	u16			dma_alignment;

	/* spi_device.mode flags understood by this controller driver */
	u32			mode_bits;

	/* spi_device.mode flags override flags for this controller */
	u32			buswidth_override_bits;

	/* bitmask of supported bits_per_word for transfers */
	u32			bits_per_word_mask;
#define SPI_BPW_MASK(bits) BIT((bits) - 1)
#define SPI_BPW_RANGE_MASK(min, max) GENMASK((max) - 1, (min) - 1)

	/* limits on transfer speed */
	u32			min_speed_hz;
	u32			max_speed_hz;

	/* other constraints relevant to this driver */
	u16			flags;
#define SPI_CONTROLLER_HALF_DUPLEX	BIT(0)	/* can't do full duplex */
#define SPI_CONTROLLER_NO_RX		BIT(1)	/* can't do buffer read */
#define SPI_CONTROLLER_NO_TX		BIT(2)	/* can't do buffer write */
#define SPI_CONTROLLER_MUST_RX		BIT(3)	/* requires rx */
#define SPI_CONTROLLER_MUST_TX		BIT(4)	/* requires tx */

#define SPI_MASTER_GPIO_SS		BIT(5)	/* GPIO CS must select slave */

	/* flag indicating this is an SPI slave controller */
	bool			slave;

	/*
	 * on some hardware transfer / message size may be constrained
	 * the limit may depend on device transfer settings
	 */
	size_t (*max_transfer_size)(struct spi_device *spi);
	size_t (*max_message_size)(struct spi_device *spi);

	/* I/O mutex */
	struct mutex		io_mutex;

	/* lock and mutex for SPI bus locking */
	spinlock_t		bus_lock_spinlock;
	struct mutex		bus_lock_mutex;

	/* flag indicating that the SPI bus is locked for exclusive use */
	bool			bus_lock_flag;

	/* Setup mode and clock, etc (spi driver may call many times).
	 *
	 * IMPORTANT:  this may be called when transfers to another
	 * device are active.  DO NOT UPDATE SHARED REGISTERS in ways
	 * which could break those transfers.
	 */
	int			(*setup)(struct spi_device *spi);

	/*
	 * set_cs_timing() method is for SPI controllers that supports
	 * configuring CS timing.
	 *
	 * This hook allows SPI client drivers to request SPI controllers
	 * to configure specific CS timing through spi_set_cs_timing() after
	 * spi_setup().
	 */
	int (*set_cs_timing)(struct spi_device *spi, struct spi_delay *setup,
			     struct spi_delay *hold, struct spi_delay *inactive);

	/* bidirectional bulk transfers
	 *
	 * + The transfer() method may not sleep; its main role is
	 *   just to add the message to the queue.
	 * + For now there's no remove-from-queue operation, or
	 *   any other request management
	 * + To a given spi_device, message queueing is pure fifo
	 *
	 * + The controller's main job is to process its message queue,
	 *   selecting a chip (for masters), then transferring data
	 * + If there are multiple spi_device children, the i/o queue
	 *   arbitration algorithm is unspecified (round robin, fifo,
	 *   priority, reservations, preemption, etc)
	 *
	 * + Chipselect stays active during the entire message
	 *   (unless modified by spi_transfer.cs_change != 0).
	 * + The message transfers use clock and SPI mode parameters
	 *   previously established by setup() for this device
	 */
	int			(*transfer)(struct spi_device *spi,
						struct spi_message *mesg);

	/* called on release() to free memory provided by spi_controller */
	void			(*cleanup)(struct spi_device *spi);

	/*
	 * Used to enable core support for DMA handling, if can_dma()
	 * exists and returns true then the transfer will be mapped
	 * prior to transfer_one() being called.  The driver should
	 * not modify or store xfer and dma_tx and dma_rx must be set
	 * while the device is prepared.
	 */
	bool			(*can_dma)(struct spi_controller *ctlr,
					   struct spi_device *spi,
					   struct spi_transfer *xfer);

	/*
	 * These hooks are for drivers that want to use the generic
	 * controller transfer queueing mechanism. If these are used, the
	 * transfer() function above must NOT be specified by the driver.
	 * Over time we expect SPI drivers to be phased over to this API.
	 */
	bool				queued;
	struct kthread_worker		kworker;
	struct task_struct		*kworker_task;
	struct kthread_work		pump_messages;
	spinlock_t			queue_lock;
	struct list_head		queue;
	struct spi_message		*cur_msg;
	bool				idling;
	bool				busy;
	bool				running;
	bool				rt;
	bool				auto_runtime_pm;
	bool                            cur_msg_prepared;
	bool				cur_msg_mapped;
	struct completion               xfer_completion;
	size_t				max_dma_len;

	int (*prepare_transfer_hardware)(struct spi_controller *ctlr);
	int (*transfer_one_message)(struct spi_controller *ctlr,
				    struct spi_message *mesg);
	int (*unprepare_transfer_hardware)(struct spi_controller *ctlr);
	int (*prepare_message)(struct spi_controller *ctlr,
			       struct spi_message *message);
	int (*unprepare_message)(struct spi_controller *ctlr,
				 struct spi_message *message);
	int (*slave_abort)(struct spi_controller *ctlr);

	/*
	 * These hooks are for drivers that use a generic implementation
	 * of transfer_one_message() provied by the core.
	 */
	void (*set_cs)(struct spi_device *spi, bool enable);
	int (*transfer_one)(struct spi_controller *ctlr, struct spi_device *spi,
			    struct spi_transfer *transfer);
	void (*handle_err)(struct spi_controller *ctlr,
			   struct spi_message *message);

	/* Optimized handlers for SPI memory-like operations. */
	const struct spi_controller_mem_ops *mem_ops;

	/* CS delays */
	struct spi_delay	cs_setup;
	struct spi_delay	cs_hold;
	struct spi_delay	cs_inactive;

	/* gpio chip select */
	int			*cs_gpios;
	struct gpio_desc	**cs_gpiods;
	bool			use_gpio_descriptors;
	u8			unused_native_cs;
	u8			max_native_cs;

	/* statistics */
	struct spi_statistics	statistics;

	/* DMA channels for use with core dmaengine helpers */
	struct dma_chan		*dma_tx;
	struct dma_chan		*dma_rx;

	/* dummy data for full duplex devices */
	void			*dummy_rx;
	void			*dummy_tx;

	int (*fw_translate_cs)(struct spi_controller *ctlr, unsigned cs);

	/*
	 * Driver sets this field to indicate it is able to snapshot SPI
	 * transfers (needed e.g. for reading the time of POSIX clocks)
	 */
	bool			ptp_sts_supported;

	/* Interrupt enable state during PTP system timestamping */
	unsigned long		irq_flags;
};
3.2.2 i2c_adapter
struct i2c_adapter {
	struct module *owner;
	unsigned int class;		  /* classes to allow probing for */
	const struct i2c_algorithm *algo; /* the algorithm to access the bus */
	void *algo_data;

	/* data fields that are valid for all devices	*/
	const struct i2c_lock_operations *lock_ops;
	struct rt_mutex bus_lock;
	struct rt_mutex mux_lock;

	int timeout;			/* in jiffies */
	int retries;
	struct device dev;		/* the adapter device */
	unsigned long locked_flags;	/* owned by the I2C core */
#define I2C_ALF_IS_SUSPENDED		0
#define I2C_ALF_SUSPEND_REPORTED	1

	int nr;
	char name[48];
	struct completion dev_released;

	struct mutex userspace_clients_lock;
	struct list_head userspace_clients;

	struct i2c_bus_recovery_info *bus_recovery_info;
	const struct i2c_adapter_quirks *quirks;

	struct irq_domain *host_notify_domain;
};
3.2.3 usb_hcd
struct usb_hcd {

	/*
	 * housekeeping
	 */
	struct usb_bus		self;		/* hcd is-a bus */
	struct kref		kref;		/* reference counter */

	const char		*product_desc;	/* product/vendor string */
	int			speed;		/* Speed for this roothub.
						 * May be different from
						 * hcd->driver->flags & HCD_MASK
						 */
	char			irq_descr[24];	/* driver + bus # */

	struct timer_list	rh_timer;	/* drives root-hub polling */
	struct urb		*status_urb;	/* the current status urb */
#ifdef CONFIG_PM
	struct work_struct	wakeup_work;	/* for remote wakeup */
#endif
	struct work_struct	died_work;	/* for when the device dies */

	/*
	 * hardware info/state
	 */
	const struct hc_driver	*driver;	/* hw-specific hooks */

	/*
	 * OTG and some Host controllers need software interaction with phys;
	 * other external phys should be software-transparent
	 */
	struct usb_phy		*usb_phy;
	struct usb_phy_roothub	*phy_roothub;

	/* Flags that need to be manipulated atomically because they can
	 * change while the host controller is running.  Always use
	 * set_bit() or clear_bit() to change their values.
	 */
	unsigned long		flags;
#define HCD_FLAG_HW_ACCESSIBLE		0	/* at full power */
#define HCD_FLAG_POLL_RH		2	/* poll for rh status? */
#define HCD_FLAG_POLL_PENDING		3	/* status has changed? */
#define HCD_FLAG_WAKEUP_PENDING		4	/* root hub is resuming? */
#define HCD_FLAG_RH_RUNNING		5	/* root hub is running? */
#define HCD_FLAG_DEAD			6	/* controller has died? */
#define HCD_FLAG_INTF_AUTHORIZED	7	/* authorize interfaces? */

	/* The flags can be tested using these macros; they are likely to
	 * be slightly faster than test_bit().
	 */
#define HCD_HW_ACCESSIBLE(hcd)	((hcd)->flags & (1U << HCD_FLAG_HW_ACCESSIBLE))
#define HCD_POLL_RH(hcd)	((hcd)->flags & (1U << HCD_FLAG_POLL_RH))
#define HCD_POLL_PENDING(hcd)	((hcd)->flags & (1U << HCD_FLAG_POLL_PENDING))
#define HCD_WAKEUP_PENDING(hcd)	((hcd)->flags & (1U << HCD_FLAG_WAKEUP_PENDING))
#define HCD_RH_RUNNING(hcd)	((hcd)->flags & (1U << HCD_FLAG_RH_RUNNING))
#define HCD_DEAD(hcd)		((hcd)->flags & (1U << HCD_FLAG_DEAD))

	/*
	 * Specifies if interfaces are authorized by default
	 * or they require explicit user space authorization; this bit is
	 * settable through /sys/class/usb_host/X/interface_authorized_default
	 */
#define HCD_INTF_AUTHORIZED(hcd) \
	((hcd)->flags & (1U << HCD_FLAG_INTF_AUTHORIZED))

	/*
	 * Specifies if devices are authorized by default
	 * or they require explicit user space authorization; this bit is
	 * settable through /sys/class/usb_host/X/authorized_default
	 */
	enum usb_dev_authorize_policy dev_policy;

	/* Flags that get set only during HCD registration or removal. */
	unsigned		rh_registered:1;/* is root hub registered? */
	unsigned		rh_pollable:1;	/* may we poll the root hub? */
	unsigned		msix_enabled:1;	/* driver has MSI-X enabled? */
	unsigned		msi_enabled:1;	/* driver has MSI enabled? */
	/*
	 * do not manage the PHY state in the HCD core, instead let the driver
	 * handle this (for example if the PHY can only be turned on after a
	 * specific event)
	 */
	unsigned		skip_phy_initialization:1;

	/* The next flag is a stopgap, to be removed when all the HCDs
	 * support the new root-hub polling mechanism. */
	unsigned		uses_new_polling:1;
	unsigned		wireless:1;	/* Wireless USB HCD */
	unsigned		has_tt:1;	/* Integrated TT in root hub */
	unsigned		amd_resume_bug:1; /* AMD remote wakeup quirk */
	unsigned		can_do_streams:1; /* HC supports streams */
	unsigned		tpl_support:1; /* OTG & EH TPL support */
	unsigned		cant_recv_wakeups:1;
			/* wakeup requests from downstream aren't received */

	unsigned int		irq;		/* irq allocated */
	void __iomem		*regs;		/* device memory/io */
	resource_size_t		rsrc_start;	/* memory/io resource start */
	resource_size_t		rsrc_len;	/* memory/io resource length */
	unsigned		power_budget;	/* in mA, 0 = no limit */

	struct giveback_urb_bh  high_prio_bh;
	struct giveback_urb_bh  low_prio_bh;

	/* bandwidth_mutex should be taken before adding or removing
	 * any new bus bandwidth constraints:
	 *   1. Before adding a configuration for a new device.
	 *   2. Before removing the configuration to put the device into
	 *      the addressed state.
	 *   3. Before selecting a different configuration.
	 *   4. Before selecting an alternate interface setting.
	 *
	 * bandwidth_mutex should be dropped after a successful control message
	 * to the device, or resetting the bandwidth after a failed attempt.
	 */
	struct mutex		*address0_mutex;
	struct mutex		*bandwidth_mutex;
	struct usb_hcd		*shared_hcd;
	struct usb_hcd		*primary_hcd;


#define HCD_BUFFER_POOLS	4
	struct dma_pool		*pool[HCD_BUFFER_POOLS];

	int			state;
#	define	__ACTIVE		0x01
#	define	__SUSPEND		0x04
#	define	__TRANSIENT		0x80

#	define	HC_STATE_HALT		0
#	define	HC_STATE_RUNNING	(__ACTIVE)
#	define	HC_STATE_QUIESCING	(__SUSPEND|__TRANSIENT|__ACTIVE)
#	define	HC_STATE_RESUMING	(__SUSPEND|__TRANSIENT)
#	define	HC_STATE_SUSPENDED	(__SUSPEND)

#define	HC_IS_RUNNING(state) ((state) & __ACTIVE)
#define	HC_IS_SUSPENDED(state) ((state) & __SUSPEND)

	/* memory pool for HCs having local memory, or %NULL */
	struct gen_pool         *localmem_pool;

	/* more shared queuing code would be good; it should support
	 * smarter scheduling, handle transaction translators, etc;
	 * input size of periodic table to an interrupt scheduler.
	 * (ohci 32, uhci 1024, ehci 256/512/1024).
	 */

	/* The HC driver's private data is stored at the end of
	 * this structure.
	 */
	unsigned long hcd_priv[]
			__attribute__ ((aligned(sizeof(s64))));
};
3.2.4 mmc_host
struct mmc_host {
	struct device		*parent;
	struct device		class_dev;
	int			index;
	const struct mmc_host_ops *ops;
	struct mmc_pwrseq	*pwrseq;
	unsigned int		f_min;
	unsigned int		f_max;
	unsigned int		f_init;
	u32			ocr_avail;
	u32			ocr_avail_sdio;	/* SDIO-specific OCR */
	u32			ocr_avail_sd;	/* SD-specific OCR */
	u32			ocr_avail_mmc;	/* MMC-specific OCR */
#ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP
	struct notifier_block	pm_notify;
#endif
	u32			max_current_330;
	u32			max_current_300;
	u32			max_current_180;

#define MMC_VDD_165_195		0x00000080	/* VDD voltage 1.65 - 1.95 */
#define MMC_VDD_20_21		0x00000100	/* VDD voltage 2.0 ~ 2.1 */
#define MMC_VDD_21_22		0x00000200	/* VDD voltage 2.1 ~ 2.2 */
#define MMC_VDD_22_23		0x00000400	/* VDD voltage 2.2 ~ 2.3 */
#define MMC_VDD_23_24		0x00000800	/* VDD voltage 2.3 ~ 2.4 */
#define MMC_VDD_24_25		0x00001000	/* VDD voltage 2.4 ~ 2.5 */
#define MMC_VDD_25_26		0x00002000	/* VDD voltage 2.5 ~ 2.6 */
#define MMC_VDD_26_27		0x00004000	/* VDD voltage 2.6 ~ 2.7 */
#define MMC_VDD_27_28		0x00008000	/* VDD voltage 2.7 ~ 2.8 */
#define MMC_VDD_28_29		0x00010000	/* VDD voltage 2.8 ~ 2.9 */
#define MMC_VDD_29_30		0x00020000	/* VDD voltage 2.9 ~ 3.0 */
#define MMC_VDD_30_31		0x00040000	/* VDD voltage 3.0 ~ 3.1 */
#define MMC_VDD_31_32		0x00080000	/* VDD voltage 3.1 ~ 3.2 */
#define MMC_VDD_32_33		0x00100000	/* VDD voltage 3.2 ~ 3.3 */
#define MMC_VDD_33_34		0x00200000	/* VDD voltage 3.3 ~ 3.4 */
#define MMC_VDD_34_35		0x00400000	/* VDD voltage 3.4 ~ 3.5 */
#define MMC_VDD_35_36		0x00800000	/* VDD voltage 3.5 ~ 3.6 */

	u32			caps;		/* Host capabilities */

#define MMC_CAP_4_BIT_DATA	(1 << 0)	/* Can the host do 4 bit transfers */
#define MMC_CAP_MMC_HIGHSPEED	(1 << 1)	/* Can do MMC high-speed timing */
#define MMC_CAP_SD_HIGHSPEED	(1 << 2)	/* Can do SD high-speed timing */
#define MMC_CAP_SDIO_IRQ	(1 << 3)	/* Can signal pending SDIO IRQs */
#define MMC_CAP_SPI		(1 << 4)	/* Talks only SPI protocols */
#define MMC_CAP_NEEDS_POLL	(1 << 5)	/* Needs polling for card-detection */
#define MMC_CAP_8_BIT_DATA	(1 << 6)	/* Can the host do 8 bit transfers */
#define MMC_CAP_AGGRESSIVE_PM	(1 << 7)	/* Suspend (e)MMC/SD at idle  */
#define MMC_CAP_NONREMOVABLE	(1 << 8)	/* Nonremovable e.g. eMMC */
#define MMC_CAP_WAIT_WHILE_BUSY	(1 << 9)	/* Waits while card is busy */
#define MMC_CAP_ERASE		(1 << 10)	/* Allow erase/trim commands */
#define MMC_CAP_3_3V_DDR	(1 << 11)	/* Host supports eMMC DDR 3.3V */
#define MMC_CAP_1_8V_DDR	(1 << 12)	/* Host supports eMMC DDR 1.8V */
#define MMC_CAP_1_2V_DDR	(1 << 13)	/* Host supports eMMC DDR 1.2V */
#define MMC_CAP_DDR		(MMC_CAP_3_3V_DDR | MMC_CAP_1_8V_DDR | \
				 MMC_CAP_1_2V_DDR)
#define MMC_CAP_POWER_OFF_CARD	(1 << 14)	/* Can power off after boot */
#define MMC_CAP_BUS_WIDTH_TEST	(1 << 15)	/* CMD14/CMD19 bus width ok */
#define MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR12	(1 << 16)	/* Host supports UHS SDR12 mode */
#define MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR25	(1 << 17)	/* Host supports UHS SDR25 mode */
#define MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR50	(1 << 18)	/* Host supports UHS SDR50 mode */
#define MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR104	(1 << 19)	/* Host supports UHS SDR104 mode */
#define MMC_CAP_UHS_DDR50	(1 << 20)	/* Host supports UHS DDR50 mode */
#define MMC_CAP_UHS		(MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR12 | MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR25 | \
				 MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR50 | MMC_CAP_UHS_SDR104 | \
				 MMC_CAP_UHS_DDR50)
#define MMC_CAP_SYNC_RUNTIME_PM	(1 << 21)	/* Synced runtime PM suspends. */
#define MMC_CAP_NEED_RSP_BUSY	(1 << 22)	/* Commands with R1B can't use R1. */
#define MMC_CAP_DRIVER_TYPE_A	(1 << 23)	/* Host supports Driver Type A */
#define MMC_CAP_DRIVER_TYPE_C	(1 << 24)	/* Host supports Driver Type C */
#define MMC_CAP_DRIVER_TYPE_D	(1 << 25)	/* Host supports Driver Type D */
#define MMC_CAP_DONE_COMPLETE	(1 << 27)	/* RW reqs can be completed within mmc_request_done() */
#define MMC_CAP_CD_WAKE		(1 << 28)	/* Enable card detect wake */
#define MMC_CAP_CMD_DURING_TFR	(1 << 29)	/* Commands during data transfer */
#define MMC_CAP_CMD23		(1 << 30)	/* CMD23 supported. */
#define MMC_CAP_HW_RESET	(1 << 31)	/* Hardware reset */

	u32			caps2;		/* More host capabilities */

#define MMC_CAP2_BOOTPART_NOACC	(1 << 0)	/* Boot partition no access */
#define MMC_CAP2_FULL_PWR_CYCLE	(1 << 2)	/* Can do full power cycle */
#define MMC_CAP2_HS200_1_8V_SDR	(1 << 5)        /* can support */
#define MMC_CAP2_HS200_1_2V_SDR	(1 << 6)        /* can support */
#define MMC_CAP2_HS200		(MMC_CAP2_HS200_1_8V_SDR | \
				 MMC_CAP2_HS200_1_2V_SDR)
#define MMC_CAP2_CD_ACTIVE_HIGH	(1 << 10)	/* Card-detect signal active high */
#define MMC_CAP2_RO_ACTIVE_HIGH	(1 << 11)	/* Write-protect signal active high */
#define MMC_CAP2_NO_PRESCAN_POWERUP (1 << 14)	/* Don't power up before scan */
#define MMC_CAP2_HS400_1_8V	(1 << 15)	/* Can support HS400 1.8V */
#define MMC_CAP2_HS400_1_2V	(1 << 16)	/* Can support HS400 1.2V */
#define MMC_CAP2_HS400		(MMC_CAP2_HS400_1_8V | \
				 MMC_CAP2_HS400_1_2V)
#define MMC_CAP2_HSX00_1_8V	(MMC_CAP2_HS200_1_8V_SDR | MMC_CAP2_HS400_1_8V)
#define MMC_CAP2_HSX00_1_2V	(MMC_CAP2_HS200_1_2V_SDR | MMC_CAP2_HS400_1_2V)
#define MMC_CAP2_SDIO_IRQ_NOTHREAD (1 << 17)
#define MMC_CAP2_NO_WRITE_PROTECT (1 << 18)	/* No physical write protect pin, assume that card is always read-write */
#define MMC_CAP2_NO_SDIO	(1 << 19)	/* Do not send SDIO commands during initialization */
#define MMC_CAP2_HS400_ES	(1 << 20)	/* Host supports enhanced strobe */
#define MMC_CAP2_NO_SD		(1 << 21)	/* Do not send SD commands during initialization */
#define MMC_CAP2_NO_MMC		(1 << 22)	/* Do not send (e)MMC commands during initialization */
#define MMC_CAP2_CQE		(1 << 23)	/* Has eMMC command queue engine */
#define MMC_CAP2_CQE_DCMD	(1 << 24)	/* CQE can issue a direct command */
#define MMC_CAP2_AVOID_3_3V	(1 << 25)	/* Host must negotiate down from 3.3V */
#define MMC_CAP2_MERGE_CAPABLE	(1 << 26)	/* Host can merge a segment over the segment size */

	int			fixed_drv_type;	/* fixed driver type for non-removable media */

	mmc_pm_flag_t		pm_caps;	/* supported pm features */

	/* host specific block data */
	unsigned int		max_seg_size;	/* see blk_queue_max_segment_size */
	unsigned short		max_segs;	/* see blk_queue_max_segments */
	unsigned short		unused;
	unsigned int		max_req_size;	/* maximum number of bytes in one req */
	unsigned int		max_blk_size;	/* maximum size of one mmc block */
	unsigned int		max_blk_count;	/* maximum number of blocks in one req */
	unsigned int		max_busy_timeout; /* max busy timeout in ms */

	/* private data */
	spinlock_t		lock;		/* lock for claim and bus ops */

	struct mmc_ios		ios;		/* current io bus settings */

	/* group bitfields together to minimize padding */
	unsigned int		use_spi_crc:1;
	unsigned int		claimed:1;	/* host exclusively claimed */
	unsigned int		bus_dead:1;	/* bus has been released */
	unsigned int		can_retune:1;	/* re-tuning can be used */
	unsigned int		doing_retune:1;	/* re-tuning in progress */
	unsigned int		retune_now:1;	/* do re-tuning at next req */
	unsigned int		retune_paused:1; /* re-tuning is temporarily disabled */
	unsigned int		use_blk_mq:1;	/* use blk-mq */
	unsigned int		retune_crc_disable:1; /* don't trigger retune upon crc */
	unsigned int		can_dma_map_merge:1; /* merging can be used */

	int			rescan_disable;	/* disable card detection */
	int			rescan_entered;	/* used with nonremovable devices */

	int			need_retune;	/* re-tuning is needed */
	int			hold_retune;	/* hold off re-tuning */
	unsigned int		retune_period;	/* re-tuning period in secs */
	struct timer_list	retune_timer;	/* for periodic re-tuning */

	bool			trigger_card_event; /* card_event necessary */

	struct mmc_card		*card;		/* device attached to this host */

	wait_queue_head_t	wq;
	struct mmc_ctx		*claimer;	/* context that has host claimed */
	int			claim_cnt;	/* "claim" nesting count */
	struct mmc_ctx		default_ctx;	/* default context */

	struct delayed_work	detect;
	int			detect_change;	/* card detect flag */
	struct mmc_slot		slot;

	const struct mmc_bus_ops *bus_ops;	/* current bus driver */
	unsigned int		bus_refs;	/* reference counter */

	unsigned int		sdio_irqs;
	struct task_struct	*sdio_irq_thread;
	struct delayed_work	sdio_irq_work;
	bool			sdio_irq_pending;
	atomic_t		sdio_irq_thread_abort;

	mmc_pm_flag_t		pm_flags;	/* requested pm features */

	struct led_trigger	*led;		/* activity led */

#ifdef CONFIG_REGULATOR
	bool			regulator_enabled; /* regulator state */
#endif
	struct mmc_supply	supply;

	struct dentry		*debugfs_root;

	/* Ongoing data transfer that allows commands during transfer */
	struct mmc_request	*ongoing_mrq;

#ifdef CONFIG_FAIL_MMC_REQUEST
	struct fault_attr	fail_mmc_request;
#endif

	unsigned int		actual_clock;	/* Actual HC clock rate */

	unsigned int		slotno;	/* used for sdio acpi binding */

	int			dsr_req;	/* DSR value is valid */
	u32			dsr;	/* optional driver stage (DSR) value */

	/* Command Queue Engine (CQE) support */
	const struct mmc_cqe_ops *cqe_ops;
	void			*cqe_private;
	int			cqe_qdepth;
	bool			cqe_enabled;
	bool			cqe_on;

	/* Host Software Queue support */
	bool			hsq_enabled;

	unsigned long		private[] ____cacheline_aligned;
};

3.3 外设设备

3.3.1 spi_device
struct spi_device {
	struct device		dev;
	struct spi_controller	*controller;
	struct spi_controller	*master;	/* compatibility layer */
	u32			max_speed_hz;
	u8			chip_select;
	u8			bits_per_word;
	bool			rt;
	u32			mode;
#define	SPI_CPHA	0x01			/* clock phase */
#define	SPI_CPOL	0x02			/* clock polarity */
#define	SPI_MODE_0	(0|0)			/* (original MicroWire) */
#define	SPI_MODE_1	(0|SPI_CPHA)
#define	SPI_MODE_2	(SPI_CPOL|0)
#define	SPI_MODE_3	(SPI_CPOL|SPI_CPHA)
#define	SPI_CS_HIGH	0x04			/* chipselect active high? */
#define	SPI_LSB_FIRST	0x08			/* per-word bits-on-wire */
#define	SPI_3WIRE	0x10			/* SI/SO signals shared */
#define	SPI_LOOP	0x20			/* loopback mode */
#define	SPI_NO_CS	0x40			/* 1 dev/bus, no chipselect */
#define	SPI_READY	0x80			/* slave pulls low to pause */
#define	SPI_TX_DUAL	0x100			/* transmit with 2 wires */
#define	SPI_TX_QUAD	0x200			/* transmit with 4 wires */
#define	SPI_RX_DUAL	0x400			/* receive with 2 wires */
#define	SPI_RX_QUAD	0x800			/* receive with 4 wires */
#define	SPI_CS_WORD	0x1000			/* toggle cs after each word */
#define	SPI_TX_OCTAL	0x2000			/* transmit with 8 wires */
#define	SPI_RX_OCTAL	0x4000			/* receive with 8 wires */
#define	SPI_3WIRE_HIZ	0x8000			/* high impedance turnaround */
	int			irq;
	void			*controller_state;
	void			*controller_data;
	char			modalias[SPI_NAME_SIZE];
	const char		*driver_override;
	int			cs_gpio;	/* LEGACY: chip select gpio */
	struct gpio_desc	*cs_gpiod;	/* chip select gpio desc */
	struct spi_delay	word_delay; /* inter-word delay */

	/* the statistics */
	struct spi_statistics	statistics;

	/*
	 * likely need more hooks for more protocol options affecting how
	 * the controller talks to each chip, like:
	 *  - memory packing (12 bit samples into low bits, others zeroed)
	 *  - priority
	 *  - chipselect delays
	 *  - ...
	 */
};
3.3.2 i2c_client
struct i2c_client {
	unsigned short flags;		/* div., see below		*/
#define I2C_CLIENT_PEC		0x04	/* Use Packet Error Checking */
#define I2C_CLIENT_TEN		0x10	/* we have a ten bit chip address */
					/* Must equal I2C_M_TEN below */
#define I2C_CLIENT_SLAVE	0x20	/* we are the slave */
#define I2C_CLIENT_HOST_NOTIFY	0x40	/* We want to use I2C host notify */
#define I2C_CLIENT_WAKE		0x80	/* for board_info; true iff can wake */
#define I2C_CLIENT_SCCB		0x9000	/* Use Omnivision SCCB protocol */
					/* Must match I2C_M_STOP|IGNORE_NAK */

	unsigned short addr;		/* chip address - NOTE: 7bit	*/
					/* addresses are stored in the	*/
					/* _LOWER_ 7 bits		*/
	char name[I2C_NAME_SIZE];
	struct i2c_adapter *adapter;	/* the adapter we sit on	*/
	struct device dev;		/* the device structure		*/
	int init_irq;			/* irq set at initialization	*/
	int irq;			/* irq issued by device		*/
	struct list_head detected;
#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_I2C_SLAVE)
	i2c_slave_cb_t slave_cb;	/* callback for slave mode	*/
#endif
};
3.3.3 usb_interface
struct usb_interface {
	/* array of alternate settings for this interface,
	 * stored in no particular order */
	struct usb_host_interface *altsetting;

	struct usb_host_interface *cur_altsetting;	/* the currently
					 * active alternate setting */
	unsigned num_altsetting;	/* number of alternate settings */

	/* If there is an interface association descriptor then it will list
	 * the associated interfaces */
	struct usb_interface_assoc_descriptor *intf_assoc;

	int minor;			/* minor number this interface is
					 * bound to */
	enum usb_interface_condition condition;		/* state of binding */
	unsigned sysfs_files_created:1;	/* the sysfs attributes exist */
	unsigned ep_devs_created:1;	/* endpoint "devices" exist */
	unsigned unregistering:1;	/* unregistration is in progress */
	unsigned needs_remote_wakeup:1;	/* driver requires remote wakeup */
	unsigned needs_altsetting0:1;	/* switch to altsetting 0 is pending */
	unsigned needs_binding:1;	/* needs delayed unbind/rebind */
	unsigned resetting_device:1;	/* true: bandwidth alloc after reset */
	unsigned authorized:1;		/* used for interface authorization */

	struct device dev;		/* interface specific device info */
	struct device *usb_dev;
	struct work_struct reset_ws;	/* for resets in atomic context */
};
3.3.4 mmc_card
struct mmc_card {
	struct mmc_host		*host;		/* the host this device belongs to */
	struct device		dev;		/* the device */
	u32			ocr;		/* the current OCR setting */
	unsigned int		rca;		/* relative card address of device */
	unsigned int		type;		/* card type */
#define MMC_TYPE_MMC		0		/* MMC card */
#define MMC_TYPE_SD		1		/* SD card */
#define MMC_TYPE_SDIO		2		/* SDIO card */
#define MMC_TYPE_SD_COMBO	3		/* SD combo (IO+mem) card */
	unsigned int		state;		/* (our) card state */
	unsigned int		quirks; 	/* card quirks */
	unsigned int		quirk_max_rate;	/* max rate set by quirks */
#define MMC_QUIRK_LENIENT_FN0	(1<<0)		/* allow SDIO FN0 writes outside of the VS CCCR range */
#define MMC_QUIRK_BLKSZ_FOR_BYTE_MODE (1<<1)	/* use func->cur_blksize */
						/* for byte mode */
#define MMC_QUIRK_NONSTD_SDIO	(1<<2)		/* non-standard SDIO card attached */
						/* (missing CIA registers) */
#define MMC_QUIRK_NONSTD_FUNC_IF (1<<4)		/* SDIO card has nonstd function interfaces */
#define MMC_QUIRK_DISABLE_CD	(1<<5)		/* disconnect CD/DAT[3] resistor */
#define MMC_QUIRK_INAND_CMD38	(1<<6)		/* iNAND devices have broken CMD38 */
#define MMC_QUIRK_BLK_NO_CMD23	(1<<7)		/* Avoid CMD23 for regular multiblock */
#define MMC_QUIRK_BROKEN_BYTE_MODE_512 (1<<8)	/* Avoid sending 512 bytes in */
						/* byte mode */
#define MMC_QUIRK_LONG_READ_TIME (1<<9)		/* Data read time > CSD says */
#define MMC_QUIRK_SEC_ERASE_TRIM_BROKEN (1<<10)	/* Skip secure for erase/trim */
#define MMC_QUIRK_BROKEN_IRQ_POLLING	(1<<11)	/* Polling SDIO_CCCR_INTx could create a fake interrupt */
#define MMC_QUIRK_TRIM_BROKEN	(1<<12)		/* Skip trim */
#define MMC_QUIRK_BROKEN_HPI	(1<<13)		/* Disable broken HPI support */

	bool			reenable_cmdq;	/* Re-enable Command Queue */

	unsigned int		erase_size;	/* erase size in sectors */
 	unsigned int		erase_shift;	/* if erase unit is power 2 */
 	unsigned int		pref_erase;	/* in sectors */
	unsigned int		eg_boundary;	/* don't cross erase-group boundaries */
	unsigned int		erase_arg;	/* erase / trim / discard */
 	u8			erased_byte;	/* value of erased bytes */

	u32			raw_cid[4];	/* raw card CID */
	u32			raw_csd[4];	/* raw card CSD */
	u32			raw_scr[2];	/* raw card SCR */
	u32			raw_ssr[16];	/* raw card SSR */
	struct mmc_cid		cid;		/* card identification */
	struct mmc_csd		csd;		/* card specific */
	struct mmc_ext_csd	ext_csd;	/* mmc v4 extended card specific */
	struct sd_scr		scr;		/* extra SD information */
	struct sd_ssr		ssr;		/* yet more SD information */
	struct sd_switch_caps	sw_caps;	/* switch (CMD6) caps */

	unsigned int		sdio_funcs;	/* number of SDIO functions */
	atomic_t		sdio_funcs_probed; /* number of probed SDIO funcs */
	struct sdio_cccr	cccr;		/* common card info */
	struct sdio_cis		cis;		/* common tuple info */
	struct sdio_func	*sdio_func[SDIO_MAX_FUNCS]; /* SDIO functions (devices) */
	struct sdio_func	*sdio_single_irq; /* SDIO function when only one IRQ active */
	unsigned		num_info;	/* number of info strings */
	const char		**info;		/* info strings */
	struct sdio_func_tuple	*tuples;	/* unknown common tuples */

	unsigned int		sd_bus_speed;	/* Bus Speed Mode set for the card */
	unsigned int		mmc_avail_type;	/* supported device type by both host and card */
	unsigned int		drive_strength;	/* for UHS-I, HS200 or HS400 */

	struct dentry		*debugfs_root;
	struct mmc_part	part[MMC_NUM_PHY_PARTITION]; /* physical partitions */
	unsigned int    nr_parts;

	unsigned int		bouncesz;	/* Bounce buffer size */
	struct workqueue_struct *complete_wq;	/* Private workqueue */
};
3.3.5 sdio_func
struct sdio_func {
	struct mmc_card		*card;		/* the card this device belongs to */
	struct device		dev;		/* the device */
	sdio_irq_handler_t	*irq_handler;	/* IRQ callback */
	unsigned int		num;		/* function number */

	unsigned char		class;		/* standard interface class */
	unsigned short		vendor;		/* vendor id */
	unsigned short		device;		/* device id */

	unsigned		max_blksize;	/* maximum block size */
	unsigned		cur_blksize;	/* current block size */

	unsigned		enable_timeout;	/* max enable timeout in msec */

	unsigned int		state;		/* function state */
#define SDIO_STATE_PRESENT	(1<<0)		/* present in sysfs */

	u8			*tmpbuf;	/* DMA:able scratch buffer */

	unsigned		num_info;	/* number of info strings */
	const char		**info;		/* info strings */

	struct sdio_func_tuple *tuples;
};

4. 字符设备/块设备/网络设备

4.1 字符设备驱动

struct cdev {
	struct kobject kobj;
	struct module *owner;
	const struct file_operations *ops;
	struct list_head list;
	dev_t dev;
	unsigned int count;
} __randomize_layout;
4.1.1 input输入子系统
struct input_dev {
	const char *name;
	const char *phys;
	const char *uniq;
	struct input_id id;

	unsigned long propbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(INPUT_PROP_CNT)];

	unsigned long evbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(EV_CNT)];
	unsigned long keybit[BITS_TO_LONGS(KEY_CNT)];
	unsigned long relbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(REL_CNT)];
	unsigned long absbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(ABS_CNT)];
	unsigned long mscbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(MSC_CNT)];
	unsigned long ledbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(LED_CNT)];
	unsigned long sndbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(SND_CNT)];
	unsigned long ffbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(FF_CNT)];
	unsigned long swbit[BITS_TO_LONGS(SW_CNT)];

	unsigned int hint_events_per_packet;

	unsigned int keycodemax;
	unsigned int keycodesize;
	void *keycode;

	int (*setkeycode)(struct input_dev *dev,
			  const struct input_keymap_entry *ke,
			  unsigned int *old_keycode);
	int (*getkeycode)(struct input_dev *dev,
			  struct input_keymap_entry *ke);

	struct ff_device *ff;

	struct input_dev_poller *poller;

	unsigned int repeat_key;
	struct timer_list timer;

	int rep[REP_CNT];

	struct input_mt *mt;

	struct input_absinfo *absinfo;

	unsigned long key[BITS_TO_LONGS(KEY_CNT)];
	unsigned long led[BITS_TO_LONGS(LED_CNT)];
	unsigned long snd[BITS_TO_LONGS(SND_CNT)];
	unsigned long sw[BITS_TO_LONGS(SW_CNT)];

	int (*open)(struct input_dev *dev);
	void (*close)(struct input_dev *dev);
	int (*flush)(struct input_dev *dev, struct file *file);
	int (*event)(struct input_dev *dev, unsigned int type, unsigned int code, int value);

	struct input_handle __rcu *grab;

	spinlock_t event_lock;
	struct mutex mutex;

	unsigned int users;
	bool going_away;

	struct device dev;

	struct list_head	h_list;
	struct list_head	node;

	unsigned int num_vals;
	unsigned int max_vals;
	struct input_value *vals;

	bool devres_managed;

	ktime_t timestamp[INPUT_CLK_MAX];
};

struct input_handler {

	void *private;

	void (*event)(struct input_handle *handle, unsigned int type, unsigned int code, int value);
	void (*events)(struct input_handle *handle,
		       const struct input_value *vals, unsigned int count);
	bool (*filter)(struct input_handle *handle, unsigned int type, unsigned int code, int value);
	bool (*match)(struct input_handler *handler, struct input_dev *dev);
	int (*connect)(struct input_handler *handler, struct input_dev *dev, const struct input_device_id *id);
	void (*disconnect)(struct input_handle *handle);
	void (*start)(struct input_handle *handle);

	bool legacy_minors;
	int minor;
	const char *name;

	const struct input_device_id *id_table;

	struct list_head	h_list;
	struct list_head	node;
};

/**
 * struct input_handle - links input device with an input handler
 * @private: handler-specific data
 * @open: counter showing whether the handle is 'open', i.e. should deliver
 *	events from its device
 * @name: name given to the handle by handler that created it
 * @dev: input device the handle is attached to
 * @handler: handler that works with the device through this handle
 * @d_node: used to put the handle on device's list of attached handles
 * @h_node: used to put the handle on handler's list of handles from which
 *	it gets events
 */
struct input_handle {

	void *private;

	int open;
	const char *name;

	struct input_dev *dev;
	struct input_handler *handler;

	struct list_head	d_node;
	struct list_head	h_node;
};
4.1.2 lcd帧缓冲子系统
struct fb_info {
	atomic_t count;
	int node;
	int flags;
	/*
	 * -1 by default, set to a FB_ROTATE_* value by the driver, if it knows
	 * a lcd is not mounted upright and fbcon should rotate to compensate.
	 */
	int fbcon_rotate_hint;
	struct mutex lock;		/* Lock for open/release/ioctl funcs */
	struct mutex mm_lock;		/* Lock for fb_mmap and smem_* fields */
	struct fb_var_screeninfo var;	/* Current var */
	struct fb_fix_screeninfo fix;	/* Current fix */
	struct fb_monspecs monspecs;	/* Current Monitor specs */
	struct work_struct queue;	/* Framebuffer event queue */
	struct fb_pixmap pixmap;	/* Image hardware mapper */
	struct fb_pixmap sprite;	/* Cursor hardware mapper */
	struct fb_cmap cmap;		/* Current cmap */
	struct list_head modelist;      /* mode list */
	struct fb_videomode *mode;	/* current mode */

#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_FB_BACKLIGHT)
	/* assigned backlight device */
	/* set before framebuffer registration, 
	   remove after unregister */
	struct backlight_device *bl_dev;

	/* Backlight level curve */
	struct mutex bl_curve_mutex;	
	u8 bl_curve[FB_BACKLIGHT_LEVELS];
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FB_DEFERRED_IO
	struct delayed_work deferred_work;
	struct fb_deferred_io *fbdefio;
#endif

	const struct fb_ops *fbops;
	struct device *device;		/* This is the parent */
	struct device *dev;		/* This is this fb device */
	int class_flag;                    /* private sysfs flags */
#ifdef CONFIG_FB_TILEBLITTING
	struct fb_tile_ops *tileops;    /* Tile Blitting */
#endif
	union {
		char __iomem *screen_base;	/* Virtual address */
		char *screen_buffer;
	};
	unsigned long screen_size;	/* Amount of ioremapped VRAM or 0 */ 
	void *pseudo_palette;		/* Fake palette of 16 colors */ 
#define FBINFO_STATE_RUNNING	0
#define FBINFO_STATE_SUSPENDED	1
	u32 state;			/* Hardware state i.e suspend */
	void *fbcon_par;                /* fbcon use-only private area */
	/* From here on everything is device dependent */
	void *par;
	/* we need the PCI or similar aperture base/size not
	   smem_start/size as smem_start may just be an object
	   allocated inside the aperture so may not actually overlap */
	struct apertures_struct {
		unsigned int count;
		struct aperture {
			resource_size_t base;
			resource_size_t size;
		} ranges[0];
	} *apertures;

	bool skip_vt_switch; /* no VT switch on suspend/resume required */
};
4.1.3 ALSA音频子系统
  1. machine
  2. platform
  3. codecs
4.1.4 V4L2视频子系统
struct video_device
{
#if defined(CONFIG_MEDIA_CONTROLLER)
	struct media_entity entity;
	struct media_intf_devnode *intf_devnode;
	struct media_pipeline pipe;
#endif
	const struct v4l2_file_operations *fops;

	u32 device_caps;

	/* sysfs */
	struct device dev;
	struct cdev *cdev;

	struct v4l2_device *v4l2_dev;
	struct device *dev_parent;

	struct v4l2_ctrl_handler *ctrl_handler;

	struct vb2_queue *queue;

	struct v4l2_prio_state *prio;

	/* device info */
	char name[32];
	enum vfl_devnode_type vfl_type;
	enum vfl_devnode_direction vfl_dir;
	int minor;
	u16 num;
	unsigned long flags;
	int index;

	/* V4L2 file handles */
	spinlock_t		fh_lock;
	struct list_head	fh_list;

	int dev_debug;

	v4l2_std_id tvnorms;

	/* callbacks */
	void (*release)(struct video_device *vdev);
	const struct v4l2_ioctl_ops *ioctl_ops;
	DECLARE_BITMAP(valid_ioctls, BASE_VIDIOC_PRIVATE);

	struct mutex *lock;
};

4.2 块设备驱动

4.2.1 mtd驱动
4.2.2 mmc驱动

4.3 网络设备驱动

4.3.1 can驱动
4.3.2 网卡驱动
4.3.3 wifi驱动

5. 外围资源（中断/pinctrl/gpio/clock/dma/电源管理）

5.1 中断子系统

5.1.1 解析设备树中的中断节点信息，建立映射关系
of_platform_default_populate_init  (drivers/of/platform.c)
    
of_device_alloc (drivers/of/platform.c)
    dev = platform_device_alloc("", PLATFORM_DEVID_NONE);  // 分配 platform_device
    
    num_irq = of_irq_count(np);  // 计算中断数
    
    of_irq_to_resource_table(np, res, num_irq) // drivers/of/irq.c, 根据设备节点中的中断信息, 构造中断资源
        of_irq_to_resource
            int irq = of_irq_get(dev, index);  // 获得virq, 中断号
                            rc = of_irq_parse_one(dev, index, &oirq); // drivers/of/irq.c, 解析设备树中的中断信息, 保存在of_phandle_args结构体中
                            
                            domain = irq_find_host(oirq.np);   // 查找irq_domain, 每一个中断控制器都对应一个irq_domain                          
                            irq_create_of_mapping(&oirq);             // kernel/irq/irqdomain.c, 创建virq和中断信息的映射
                                    irq_create_fwspec_mapping(&fwspec);
                                        irq_domain_translate(domain, fwspec, &hwirq, &type) // 调用irq_domain->ops->xlate, 把设备节点里的中断信息解析为hwirq, type
                                        
                                        virq = irq_find_mapping(domain, hwirq); // 看看这个hwirq是否已经映射, 如果virq非0就直接返回
                                        
                                        virq = irq_create_mapping(domain, hwirq); // 否则创建映射
                                                    virq = irq_domain_alloc_descs(-1, 1, hwirq, of_node_to_nid(of_node), NULL);  // 返回未占用的virq
                                                    
                                                    irq_domain_associate(domain, virq, hwirq) // 调用irq_domain->ops->map(domain, virq, hwirq), 做必要的硬件设置
5.1.2 根据映射关系注册中断处理函数，初始化并使能中断
request_irq(irq, handler, flags, name, dev)		// include/linux/interrupt.h
	request_threaded_irq(irq, handler, NULL, flags, name, dev)		// kernel/irq/manage.c
			desc = irq_to_desc(irq);
			
			action = kzalloc(sizeof(struct irqaction), GFP_KERNEL);
			action->handler = handler;
            action->thread_fn = thread_fn;
            action->flags = irqflags;
            action->name = devname;
            action->dev_id = dev_id;

			__setup_irq(irq, desc, action);
				irqd_set_trigger_type(&desc->irq_data, oldtype);
				__irq_set_trigger(desc, new->flags & IRQF_TRIGGER_MASK);
				irq_activate(desc);
				__enable_irq(desc);
5.1.3 根据映射关系执行中断处理函数
1. 中断向量表执行handle_arch_irq

2. set_handle_irq(s3c24xx_handle_irq);		// drivers/irqchip/irq-s3c24xx.c， 将handle_arch_irq赋值为s3c24xx_handle_irq

3.
s3c24xx_handle_irq
	s3c24xx_handle_intc(s3c_intc[0], regs, 0)
    s3c24xx_handle_intc(s3c_intc[2], regs, 64)
    	readl_relaxed(intc->reg_intpnd)
    	handle_domain_irq(intc->domain, intc_offset + offset, regs)
    		__handle_domain_irq(domain, hwirq, true, regs)
    			generic_handle_irq(irq)
    				generic_handle_irq_desc(desc);
						desc->handle_irq(desc);

4.						
.map = s3c24xx_irq_map_of,
	s3c24xx_irq_map_of
    	irq_set_chip_and_handler(virq, &s3c_irq_chip, handle_edge_irq);		// 设置desc->handle_irq为handle_edge_irq，同时设置irq_chip结构体

5.
handle_edge_irq
  	__handle_irq_event_percpu
        for_each_action_of_desc(desc, action) {
            res = action->handler(irq, action->dev_id);		// 执行request_irq中设置的驱动自己的中断处理函数
        }

5.2 pinctrl子系统

5.3 gpio子系统

5.4 clock子系统

5.5 dma子系统

5.6 电源管理子系统

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Linux驱动属于内核的一部分，学习驱动开发时将驱动设计为内核模块，内核模块是一种可以在系统运行时加载和卸载的机制。内核编程的注意事项1.不能使用C标准库和C标准头文件2.使用GNU C3.没有内存保护机制4.不能处理浮点运算5.注意并发互斥和可移植性问题1.内核模块Linux 驱动有两种运行方式，第一种是将驱动编译进 Linux 内核中，当 Linux 内核启动的时就会自动运行驱动程序。第二种是将驱动编译成模块(Linux 下模块扩展名为.ko)，在Linux 内核启动以后。
Linux网络设备驱动框架
他山之石 可以攻玉
02-01 1541
Linux网络设备驱动框架
linux内核的块设备驱动框架详解
weixin_42031299的博客
08-06 3141
* 要传输的第一个扇区 */ 4 struct bio * bi_next;/* 下一个 bio */ 5 struct block_device * bi_bdev;/* 状态、命令等 */ 7 unsigned long bi_rw;/* 低位表示 READ/WRITE，高位表示优先级*/ 8 struct bvec_iter bi_iter;/* 迭代器，标明数据要操作的块设备的位置 */ 9 unsigned short bi_vcnt;...
Linux平台设备框架驱动
weixin_44453694的博客
09-15 1311
平台设备框架(platform)是将一个驱动分为设备层和驱动层两个部分，通过总线模型将设备和驱动进行绑定。在系统中每注册一个设备，都会与之匹配一个驱动，同样的，每注册一个驱动也会与之匹配一个设备。通常 Linux 设备和驱动通常都需要挂接在一种总线上，对于本身依附于 PCI、 USB、 I2 C、 SPI 等的设备而言，这自然不是问题，但是在嵌入式系统里面， SOC 系统中集成的独立的外设控制器、挂接在 SOC 内存空间的外设等却不依附于此类总线。
linux 驱动框架
03-16
Linux驱动框架是指Linux操作系统中的一种机制，用于管理和控制硬件设备的驱动程序。它提供了一种标准化的接口，使得不同的硬件设备可以使用相同的驱动程序进行控制和管理。Linux驱动框架还提供了一些常用的驱动程序模块，如字符设备驱动程序、块设备驱动程序、网络设备驱动程序等，以便开发人员可以更快速地开发和调试驱动程序。此外，Linux驱动框架还提供了一些工具和API，用于管理和监控驱动程序的运行状态，以确保系统的稳定性和安全性。
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