c++单例模式

目标：让某一类只产生一个实例

解决方案：

将默认构造函数私有化

新建一个静态构建方法作为构造函数，并且将其保存在一个静态成员变量中，此后所有调用该构造函数的时候，都返回这个缓存对象

案例

/**
 * The Singleton class defines the `GetInstance` method that serves as an
 * alternative to constructor and lets clients access the same instance of this
 * class over and over.
 */
class Singleton
{

    /**
     * The Singleton's constructor/destructor should always be private to
     * prevent direct construction/desctruction calls with the `new`/`delete`
     * operator.
     */
private:
    static Singleton * pinstance_;
    static std::mutex mutex_;

protected:
    Singleton(const std::string value): value_(value)
    {
    }
    ~Singleton() {}
    std::string value_;

public:
    /**
     * Singletons should not be cloneable.
     */
    Singleton(Singleton &other) = delete;
    /**
     * Singletons should not be assignable.
     */
    void operator=(const Singleton &) = delete;
    /**
     * This is the static method that controls the access to the singleton
     * instance. On the first run, it creates a singleton object and places it
     * into the static field. On subsequent runs, it returns the client existing
     * object stored in the static field.
     */

    static Singleton *GetInstance(const std::string& value);
    /**
     * Finally, any singleton should define some business logic, which can be
     * executed on its instance.
     */
    void SomeBusinessLogic()
    {
        // ...
    }
    
    std::string value() const{
        return value_;
    } 
};

/**
 * Static methods should be defined outside the class.
 */

Singleton* Singleton::pinstance_{nullptr};
std::mutex Singleton::mutex_;

/**
 * The first time we call GetInstance we will lock the storage location
 *      and then we make sure again that the variable is null and then we
 *      set the value. RU:
 */
Singleton *Singleton::GetInstance(const std::string& value)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
    if (pinstance_ == nullptr)
    {
        pinstance_ = new Singleton(value);
    }
    return pinstance_;
}

void ThreadFoo(){
    // Following code emulates slow initialization.
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
    Singleton* singleton = Singleton::GetInstance("FOO");
    std::cout << singleton->value() << "\n";
}

void ThreadBar(){
    // Following code emulates slow initialization.
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
    Singleton* singleton = Singleton::GetInstance("BAR");
    std::cout << singleton->value() << "\n";
}

int main()
{   
    std::cout <<"If you see the same value, then singleton was reused (yay!\n" <<
                "If you see different values, then 2 singletons were created (booo!!)\n\n" <<
                "RESULT:\n";   
    std::thread t1(ThreadFoo);
    std::thread t2(ThreadBar);
    t1.join();
    t2.join();
    
    return 0;
}

代码参见：C++ 单例模式讲解和代码示例

实现分为懒汉模式和饿汉模式

懒汉模式等待系统需要实例化类再实例化一个类出来；

• 线程安全的懒汉模式 加mutex线程锁，为了保证效率（锁前if）和安全(锁后if)使用两个if语句判断是否已经实例化。
• 线程不安全的懒汉模式 直接询问是否实例化，如果没有则实例化一个
• 要点：将对象指针和实例化函数私有化 静态化对象指针和获取指针函数（尽量用静态方法调用静态方法和成员）

饿汉模式直接在初始化阶段就实例化，私有化构造函数。可能会浪费资源但是是线程安全的。