C++模板

1，函数模板和普通函数的区别

1. 普通函数可以进行自动类型转换
2. 函数模板不允许自动类型转换

template <typename T>
T swapMy(T& a, T& b)
{
	return a+b;
}
int MySwap(int a, int b)
{
	return a + b;
}

void main()
{
	string a = "hello";
	string b = "world";
	cout << "a = " << swapMy(a, b) << endl;
	int aa = 100;
	int bb = 89898989;
	cout << "a = " << swapMy(aa, bb) << endl;

	char c = 'h';
	cout << "MySwap = " << MySwap(aa, c) << endl;

}

2，函数模板和普通函数一起调用规则

1. 函数模板可以像普通函数那样重载

• List item

2. 两函数重名，C++编译器优先考虑普通函数，普通函数不匹配了再去调用模板
3. 可以通过空模板实参列表的语法限定编译器智能通过模板匹配。

MySwap<>(aa,c);

3，C编译过程

4，类模板

template<class T>
class MyBase
{
public:
	MyBase(T a, T b)
	{
		this->a = a;
		this->b = b;
	}
	T add()
	{
		return this->a + this->b;
	}
public:
	T a;
	T b;
};

void main()
{
	MyBase<int> base(43, 43);
	cout << "add = " << base.add();
}

函数模板使用时，可以自动类型推导，类模板必须显示调用类型

{
	MyBase<int> base(43, 43);
	cout << "add = " << base.add();
}

5，类模板派生普通类

template<class T>
class MyBase
{
public:
};

//编译时需要分配内存
class MySon :public MyBase<int>
{

};

派生普通类的时候，要定义类型，否则编译的时候不知道需要分配多少的内存。

6，防止头文件复用

C:

#ifndef XXX_H  //Ctrl + shift +u转为大写
#define XXX_H

#endif

C++：

#pragma once    //防止头文件被重复包含

7，类模板类内实现

template<typename T1, typename T2>
class A
{
public:
	A(T1 a, T2 b)
	{
		as = a;
		ad = b;
	}

	void showTest()
	{
		cout << "as = " << as << endl;
		cout << "ad = " << ad << endl;
	}
public:
	T1 as;
	T2 ad;
};

void main()
{
	A<int, int> aa(13, 456);
	aa.showTest();
}

8，类模板类外实现

template<typename T1, typename T2>
class AA
{
public:
	AA(T1 a, T2 b)
	{
		as = a;
		ad = b;
	}

	void showTest()
	{
		cout << "as = " << as << endl;
		cout << "ad = " << ad << endl;
	}

	void test();

public:
	T1 as;
	T2 ad;
};

//实现部分注意事项
template<typename T1, typename T2>
void AA<T1, T2>::test()
{
	cout << "as = " << as << endl;
	cout << "ad = " << ad << endl;
}