深度学习_一元线性回归实例_python实现 VS numpy实现 VS tensorflow数据可视化

一元线性回归

一：机器学习基础

1.什么是机器学习？

从数据中学习

• 建立模型
• 学习模型
• 预测房价

2.机器学习分类

监督学习 （Supervised Learning）

• 通过对数据的学习,寻找属性和标记之间的映射关系
• 回归（regression）： 预测连续值
• 分类（classification）： 预测离散值

无监督学习 （Unsupervised Learning）

• 在样本数据没有标记的情况下，挖掘出数据内部蕴含的关系
• 聚类：把相似度高的样本聚合在一起

半监督学习 (Semi-Supervised Learning)

• 将有监督学习和无监督学习相结合，综合使用大量的没有标记数据和少量有标记的数据共同进行学习

二：一元线性回归

1.模型

模型：y = wx + b

模型变量：x

w：权重（weights）

b：偏置值

2.最佳拟合直线

3.损失函数/代价函数（cost function）

4.求最值问题

三：一元线性回归实例

问题导入

1.python实现

# python实现房屋销售预测实例

#加载样本数据
x = [137.97,104.50,100.00,124.32,79.20,99.00,124.00,114.00,  #商品房面积
     106.69,138.05,53.75,46.91,68.00,63.02,81.26,86.21]
y = [145.00,110.00,93.00,116.00,65.32,104.00,118.00,91.00,   #面积
     62.00,133.00,51.00,45.00,78.50,69.65,75.69,95.30]

meanX = sum(x)/len(x)   #x平均数
meanY = sum(y)/len(y)   #y平均数

sumXY = 0
sumX = 0
for i in range(len(x)):
    sumXY += (x[i]-meanX)*(y[i]-meanY)
    sumX += (x[i]-meanX)*(x[i]-meanX)
    
w = sumXY / sumX
b = meanY - w*meanX

print(type(w),type(b),"\n")

print("w = ",w,"\nb = ",b,"\n")

#预测房价
x_test = [128.15,45.00,141.43,106.27,99.00,53.84,85.36,70.00]

print("面积\t预测价格")
for i in range(len(x_test)):
    print(x_test[i],"\t",round(w*x_test[i]+b,2)) #round保留两位小数

<class 'float'> <class 'float'> 

w =  0.8945605120044221 
b =  5.410840339418002 

面积	预测价格
128.15 	 120.05
45.0 	 45.67
141.43 	 131.93
106.27 	 100.48
99.0 	 93.97
53.84 	 53.57
85.36 	 81.77
70.0 	 68.03

2.numpy实现

# numpy实现房屋销售预测实例
import numpy as np

x = np.array([137.97,104.50,100.00,124.32,79.20,99.00,124.00,114.00,  #商品房面积
              106.69,138.05,53.75,46.91,68.00,63.02,81.26,86.21])
y = np.array([145.00,110.00,93.00,116.00,65.32,104.00,118.00,91.00,   #面积
              62.00,133.00,51.00,45.00,78.50,69.65,75.69,95.30])

meanX = np.mean(x)
meanY = np.mean(y)

sumXY = np.sum((x-meanX)*(y-meanY))
sumX = np.sum((x-meanX)*(x-meanX))

w = sumXY/sumX
b = meanY-w*meanX

print(type(w),type(b),"\n")

print("权值：w = ",w,"\n偏置值：b = ",b,"\n")

#预测房价
x_test = np.array([128.15,45.00,141.43,106.27,99.00,53.84,85.36,70.00])
y_test = w*x_test+b

print(y_test)

print("\n面积\t预测价格")
for i in range(len(x_test)):
    print(x_test[i],"\t",round(y_test[i],2)) #round保留两位小数

<class 'numpy.float64'> <class 'numpy.float64'> 

权值：w =  0.894560512004422 
偏置值：b =  5.410840339418002 

[120.04876995  45.66606338 131.92853355 100.47578595  93.97233103
  53.57397831  81.77052564  68.03007618]

面积	预测价格
128.15 	 120.05
45.0 	 45.67
141.43 	 131.93
106.27 	 100.48
99.0 	 93.97
53.84 	 53.57
85.36 	 81.77
70.0 	 68.03

3.tensorflow实现

# tensorflow实现房屋销售预测实例
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

x = tf.constant([137.97,104.50,100.00,124.32,79.20,99.00,124.00,114.00,  #商品房面积
                 106.69,138.05,53.75,46.91,68.00,63.02,81.26,86.21])
y = tf.constant([145.00,110.00,93.00,116.00,65.32,104.00,118.00,91.00,   #面积
                 62.00,133.00,51.00,45.00,78.50,69.65,75.69,95.30])

meanX = tf.reduce_mean(x)
meanY = tf.reduce_mean(y)

sumXY = tf.reduce_sum((x-meanX)*(y-meanY))
sumX = tf.reduce_sum((x-meanX)*(x-meanX))
                     

w = sumXY/sumX
b = meanY-w*meanX

print(type(w),type(b))

print("权值：w = ",w,"\n偏置值b = ",b,)
print("线性模型：y=",w.numpy(),"x+",b.numpy())

x_test = np.array([128.15,45.00,141.43,106.27,99.00,53.84,85.36,70.00])
y_pred = (w*x_test+b).numpy()

print("\n面积\t预测价格")
for i in range(len(x_test)):
    print(x_test[i],"\t",round(y_pred[i],2)) #round保留两位小数

<class 'tensorflow.python.framework.ops.EagerTensor'> <class 'tensorflow.python.framework.ops.EagerTensor'>
权值：w =  tf.Tensor(0.8945604, shape=(), dtype=float32) 
偏置值b =  tf.Tensor(5.4108505, shape=(), dtype=float32)
线性模型：y= 0.8945604 x+ 5.4108505

面积	预测价格
128.15 	 120.05
45.0 	 45.67
141.43 	 131.93
106.27 	 100.48
99.0 	 93.97
53.84 	 53.57
85.36 	 81.77
70.0 	 68.03

4.matplotlib数据可视化

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['SimHei']   #中文字体配置
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False  #符号显示

plt.figure()

plt.scatter(x,y,color='red',label='销售记录')
plt.scatter(x_test,y_pred,color='blue',label='预测房价')
plt.plot(x_test,y_pred,color='green',label='拟合直线',linewidth=2)

plt.xlabel("面积（平方米）",fontsize=14)
plt.ylabel("价格（万元）",fontsize=14)

plt.xlim((40,150))
plt.ylim((40,150))

plt.suptitle("商品房销售价格评估系统",fontsize=20)

plt.legend(loc="upper left")
plt.show()