python元类

# metaclass
# type实质是用来构造类的对象的，相当于构造方法(__new__)，__init__只是用来初始化这个对象的
# object是一切对象的基类，包括type

if 0:
    # 传统方式
    class Test(object):
        
        tag = "hello" # 类成员属性
        
        def __init__(self, name):
            self.name = name # 用于初始化self对象成员

        def func(self):
            return 100
        
  
    obj = Test("world")

    print(Test.tag, obj.name, obj.func()) 
    
if 0:
    def func(self):
        pass
    # 使用type一行进行构造对象，有参数如下
    # 类名称
    # 基类元组
    # 类属性
    test_cls = type("Test", (object, ), {"tag": "hello", "func": lambda self:100})
    print(test_cls) # <class '__main__.Test'> 构造一个类
    obj = test_cls()
    print(obj) # <__main__.Test object at 0x00000116E8ADBC50> 由类进行构造一个对象
    print(test_cls.tag, obj.func())
    
    
if 0:
    class New(object):
        def __new__(cls):
            print("cls:", cls) # cls: <class '__main__.New'> , 发现type构造返回的是cls
            obj = object.__new__(cls)
            print("obj:", obj) # obj: <__main__.New object at 0x00000245798BC450>
            return obj

        def __init__(self):
            print("self:", self) # self: <__main__.New object at 0x00000245798BC450>, __new__返回的是self地址一样,是类构造的对象
            
    new_obj = New()
    
if 0:    
    # 类是由type创建的，可以改变类的创建方式，比如元类    
    class MyType(type):
        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            print("cls:", cls) # cls: <class '__main__.MyType'> 这里cls当然是当前类MyType的类
            new_cls = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
            print("new_cls:", new_cls, *args, **kwargs) # new_cls: <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'> MyTypeTest () {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'MyTypeTest'} , 使用元类来构造MyTypeTest类
            return new_cls
        
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # 这里的参数列表必须是和元类构造的MyTypeTest类中的
            # __init__中的self还是类, 若使用非元类创建类，self就是object而不是类
            print("self:",self, *args, **kwargs)# self: <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'> MyTypeTest () {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'MyTypeTest'}
            
    # 这行MyTypeTest类是由元类MyType中的__new__进行创建的        
    class MyTypeTest(metaclass=MyType):
        # 其实这里__new__函数实现就不需要了
        # def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        #     print("MyTypeTest cls:", cls) # MyTypeTest cls: <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'> 类
        #     obj = super().__new__(cls)
            
        #     print("obj:", obj) # obj: <__main__.MyTypeTest object at 0x000002AD251EFCD0> 类构造的对象
        #     return obj
            
            
        def __init__(self, name):
            print("self:", self) # self: <__main__.MyTypeTest object at 0x000002AD251EFCD0> 由__new__构造的obj传递给self
            self.name = name
            
            
            
  
    mytype_test = MyTypeTest("hello")
    
    
    
# __call__方法调用，是对象()后进行调用执行的
# 那元类创建类后，该类进行()会是什么场景
if 0:
    class Test:
        def __new__(cls):
            print("new")
            obj = object.__new__(cls)
            return obj
        
        def __init__(self):
            print("init", self) # init <__main__.Test object at 0x000001CDA1BA8450>


        def __call__(self):
            print("call", self) # call <__main__.Test object at 0x000001CDA1BA8450>
            
    t = Test()
    print("T", t)
    a = t() # 发现对象()后调用的是call方法
 
    # output:
    # new
    # init
    # call
if 1:    
    class MyType(type):
        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
            new_cls = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
            return new_cls
        
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): 
            pass
        
        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            print("call", self) #call <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'>
            empty_obj = self.__new__(self)
            self.__init__(empty_obj, *args, **kwargs)
            print(*args, **kwargs)
            return empty_obj
            
    class MyTypeTest(metaclass=MyType):
        def __new__(cls):
            print("cls", cls)
            obj = super().__new__(cls)
            return obj
        
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            print("MyTypeTest self", self) # MyTypeTest self <__main__.MyTypeTest object at 0x0000018FAC59FED0>
            
            
    t = MyTypeTest("hello") # 构造对象时调用元类中的__call__方法