基于图形之能动起来的语法基础

操纵矩阵堆栈

• 矩阵堆栈的操作

  • 入栈（保存当前矩阵）
  • 出栈（恢复上一次保存的矩阵）

• 一切变换操作，都通过矩阵来完成的

• 入栈

  • 保存当前变换效果
  • 实现函数：glPushMatrix

• 出栈

  • 恢复上一次保存的矩阵
  • 实现函数：glPopMatrix

• 入栈void glPushMatrix()

• 功能：

  • 保存当前变换矩阵

• 函数：无

• 返回值：无

• 备注：

  • 将当前矩阵压入栈顶

• 出栈

• void glPopMatrix()

• 功能：

  • 恢复上一次保存的矩阵

• 函数：无

• 返回值：无

• 备注：

  • 将栈顶矩阵恢复成当前矩阵
  • 如果矩阵堆栈中只有一个矩阵，将导致错误

1.左右平移（按左右键）：

#include <windows.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>

GLfloat step = 0.0f;//！！！！

void display()
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
glPushMatrix();

glTranslated(step, 0.0f, 0.0f);//平移

glColor3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 );
glBegin( GL_TRIANGLES);
    glVertex2f( -0.2, -0.2 );
    glVertex2f( -0.2, 0.2 );
    glVertex2f( 0.2, 0.2 );
glEnd();

glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
}
void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
{
if(key == GLUT_KEY_LEFT)
    step -= 0.1f;
if(key == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT)
    step += 0.1f;

glutPostRedisplay();
}

int main( int argc, char ** argv )
{
glutInit( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB );
glutInitWindowPosition( 100, 100 );
glutInitWindowSize( 400, 400 );
glutCreateWindow( "OpenGL Examples!" );
glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}

• 平移
  void glTranslatef(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z)

• 功能：

  • 场景平移

• 参数：

  • x: X轴方向平移的距离
  • y: Y轴方向平移的距离
  • z: Z轴方向平移的距离

• 返回值:无

2.缩放

• void glScalef(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z)

• 功能：

  • 场景缩放

• 参数：

  • x: X轴方向的缩放因子
  • y: Y轴方向的缩放因子
  • z: Z轴方向的缩放因子

• 返回值:无

• 备注：无

  #include <windows.h>
  #include <GL/gl.h>
  #include <GL/glut.h>

  GLfloat step = 1.0f;//！！！！！

  void display()
  {
  glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
  glPushMatrix();

  glScalef(step, step, step);//缩放

  glColor3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 );
  glBegin( GL_TRIANGLES);
  glVertex2f( -0.2, -0.2 );
  glVertex2f( -0.2, 0.2 );
  glVertex2f( 0.2, 0.2 );
  glEnd();

  glPopMatrix();
  glFlush();
  }
  void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
  {
  if(key == GLUT_KEY_LEFT)
  step -= 0.1f;
  if(key == GLUT_KEY_RIGHT)
  step += 0.1f;

  glutPostRedisplay();
  }

  int main( int argc, char ** argv )
  {
  glutInit( &argc, argv );
  glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB );
  glutInitWindowPosition( 100, 100 );
  glutInitWindowSize( 400, 400 );
  glutCreateWindow( “OpenGL Examples!” );
  glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
  glutDisplayFunc( display );
  glutMainLoop();
  return 0;
  }

3.旋转

#include <windows.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>

GLfloat step = 0.0f;

void display()
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
glPushMatrix();

glRotatef(step, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

glColor3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 );
glBegin( GL_TRIANGLES);
    glVertex2f( -0.2, -0.2 );
    glVertex2f( -0.2, 0.2 );
    glVertex2f( 0.2, 0.2 );
glEnd();

glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
}
void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)//键盘控制
{
if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP)
    step += 30.0f;
if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN)
    step -= 30.0f;
step = (GLfloat)((int)step % 360);
glutPostRedisplay();
}

int main( int argc, char ** argv )
{
glutInit( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB );
glutInitWindowPosition( 100, 100 );
glutInitWindowSize( 400, 400 );
glutCreateWindow( "OpenGL Examples!" );
glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}

• void glRotatef(GLfloat angle, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z)

• 功能：

  • 场景旋转

• 参数：

  • angle: 旋转的角度
  • x，y，z: 用于指定旋转轴

• 备注：

  • 绕原点（0,0,0）到（x,y,z）的直线逆时针旋转angle个角度

  #include <windows.h>
  #include <GL/gl.h>
  #include <GL/glut.h>

  GLfloat step = 0.0f;

  void display()
  {
  glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
  glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
  glPointSize(10);
  glBegin( GL_POINTS );
  glVertex2f( 0.0, 0.0 );
  glEnd();

  glPushMatrix();

  glTranslatef(0.2f,0.2f,0.0f);
  glRotatef(step, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
  //glTranslatef(0.2f,0.2f,0.0f);
  glColor3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 );
  glBegin( GL_POLYGON );
  glVertex2f( -0.2, -0.2 );
  glVertex2f( -0.2, 0.2 );
  glVertex2f( 0.2, 0.2 );
  glVertex2f( 0.2, -0.2 );
  glEnd();

  glPopMatrix();
  glFlush();

  }
  void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
  {
  if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP)
  step += 1.0f;
  if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN)
  step -=1.0f;
  glutPostRedisplay();
  }

  int main( int argc, char ** argv )
  {
  glutInit( &argc, argv );
  glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB );
  glutInitWindowPosition( 100, 100 );
  glutInitWindowSize( 400, 400 );
  glutCreateWindow( “OpenGL Examples!” );
  glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
  glutDisplayFunc( display );
  glutMainLoop();
  return 0;
  }

…

#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>

GLfloat step = 0.0f;

void display()
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
glPushMatrix();

GLfloat rotateYMatrix[]=
    {
    cos(step),sin(step),0.0f,0.0f,
    -sin(step),cos(step),0.0f,0.0f,
    0.0f,0.0f,1.0f,0.0f,
    0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f
    };

glMultMatrixf(rotateYMatrix);
glColor3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 );
glBegin( GL_TRIANGLES);
    glVertex2f( -0.2, -0.2 );
    glVertex2f( -0.2, 0.2 );
    glVertex2f( 0.2, 0.2 );
glEnd();

glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
}
void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
{
if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP)
    step += 0.2f;
if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN)
    step -= 0.2f;
glutPostRedisplay();
}


int main( int argc, char ** argv )
{
glutInit( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB );
glutInitWindowPosition( 100, 100 );
glutInitWindowSize( 400, 400 );
glutCreateWindow( "OpenGL Examples!" );
glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutMainLoop();


return 0;
}

…
平移+旋转

#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>

GLfloat step = 0.0f;

void display()
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glPointSize(10);
glBegin( GL_POINTS );
glVertex2f( 0.0, 0.0 );
glEnd();

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(step,0.2f,0.0f);
glRotatef((step*100), 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
//glTranslatef(0.2f,0.2f,0.0f);
glColor3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 );
glBegin( GL_POLYGON );
glVertex2f( -0.2, -0.2 );
glVertex2f( -0.2, 0.2 );
glVertex2f( 0.2, 0.2 );
glVertex2f( 0.2, -0.2 );
glEnd();

glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
}


void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
{
if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP)
    step += 0.1f;
if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN)
    step -= 0.1f;
glutPostRedisplay();
}


int main( int argc, char ** argv )
{
glutInit( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB );
glutInitWindowPosition( 100, 100 );
glutInitWindowSize( 400, 400 );
glutCreateWindow( "OpenGL Examples!" );
glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutMainLoop();


return 0;
}

…

• 先旋转再平移

  glRotatef(step, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
  glTranslatef(0.2f,0.2f,0.0f);

先旋转后平移，相当于旋转中心点为（0,0,0）
4.键盘操控：用ad控制

#include <windows.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>

GLfloat step = 0.0f;

void display()
{
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glPointSize(10);
glBegin( GL_POINTS );
glVertex2f( 0.0, 0.0 );
glEnd();

glPushMatrix();

glTranslatef(0.2f,0.2f,0.0f);
glRotatef(step, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
//glTranslatef(0.2f,0.2f,0.0f);

glColor3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 );
glBegin( GL_POLYGON );
glVertex2f( -0.2, -0.2 );
glVertex2f( -0.2, 0.2 );
glVertex2f( 0.2, 0.2 );
glVertex2f( 0.2, -0.2 );
glEnd();

glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
}


void NormalKeys(unsigned char key, int x, int y)//键盘
{
if(key == 'a')
    step += 5.0f;
if(key == 'd')
    step -= 5.0f;
step = (GLfloat)((int)step % 360);
glutPostRedisplay();
}



int main( int argc, char ** argv )
{
glutInit( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB );
glutInitWindowPosition( 100, 100 );
glutInitWindowSize( 400, 400 );
glutCreateWindow( "OpenGL Examples!" );
//glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
glutKeyboardFunc(NormalKeys);//！！！！！！！！！！

glutDisplayFunc( display );
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}