230. Kth Smallest Element in a BST(Java)

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Given a binary search tree, write a function kthSmallest to find the kth smallest element in it.

Note:
You may assume k is always valid, 1 ? k ? BST’s total elements.

Follow up:
What if the BST is modified (insert/delete operations) often and you need to find the kth smallest frequently? How would you optimize the kthSmallest routine?

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode left;
 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
 * }
 */
public class Solution {
    public int kthSmallest(TreeNode root, int k) {
        int count = countNodes(root.left);
        if (k <= count) {
            return kthSmallest(root.left, k);
        } else if (k > count + 1) {
            return kthSmallest(root.right, k - 1 - count);
        }
        return root.val;
    }
    
    private int countNodes(TreeNode node) {
        if (node == null) return 0;
        return 1 + countNodes(node.left) + countNodes(node.right);
    } 
}