操作系统源码阅读 - 4: bootload启动(一)

从bootload开始。

主机在bios启动后，会继续调用一小段汇编代码，进行系统配置和内核导入，称该代码为bootload。因此，一个系统启动的流程应该为bios->bootload->kernel。

bootlaod程序主要包含两个文件，一个为bootasm,S，另一个为bootmain.c。

#include "asm.h"
#include "memlayout.h"
#include "mmu.h"

# Start the first CPU: switch to 32-bit protected mode, jump into C.
# The BIOS loads this code from the first sector of the hard disk into
# memory at physical address 0x7c00 and starts executing in real mode
# with %cs=0 %ip=7c00.

.code16                       # Assemble for 16-bit mode
.globl start
start:
  cli                         # BIOS enabled interrupts; disable

  # Zero data segment registers DS, ES, and SS.
  xorw    %ax,%ax             # Set %ax to zero
  movw    %ax,%ds             # -> Data Segment
  movw    %ax,%es             # -> Extra Segment
  movw    %ax,%ss             # -> Stack Segment

  # Physical address line A20 is tied to zero so that the first PCs 
  # with 2 MB would run software that assumed 1 MB.  Undo that.
seta20.1:
  inb     $0x64,%al               # Wait for not busy
  testb   $0x2,%al
  jnz     seta20.1

  movb    $0xd1,%al               # 0xd1 -> port 0x64
  outb    %al,$0x64

seta20.2:
  inb     $0x64,%al               # Wait for not busy
  testb   $0x2,%al
  jnz     seta20.2

  movb    $0xdf,%al               # 0xdf -> port 0x60
  outb    %al,$0x60

  # Switch from real to protected mode.  Use a bootstrap GDT that makes
  # virtual addresses map directly to physical addresses so that the
  # effective memory map doesn't change during the transition.
  lgdt    gdtdesc
  movl    %cr0, %eax
  orl     $CR0_PE, %eax
  movl    %eax, %cr0

//PAGEBREAK!
  # Complete the transition to 32-bit protected mode by using a long jmp
  # to reload %cs and %eip.  The segment descriptors are set up with no
  # translation, so that the mapping is still the identity mapping.
  ljmp    $(SEG_KCODE<<3), $start32

.code32  # Tell assembler to generate 32-bit code now.
start32:
  # Set up the protected-mode data segment registers
  movw    $(SEG_KDATA<<3), %ax    # Our data segment selector
  movw    %ax, %ds                # -> DS: Data Segment
  movw    %ax, %es                # -> ES: Extra Segment
  movw    %ax, %ss                # -> SS: Stack Segment
  movw    $0, %ax                 # Zero segments not ready for use
  movw    %ax, %fs                # -> FS
  movw    %ax, %gs                # -> GS

  # Set up the stack pointer and call into C.
  movl    $start, %esp
  call    bootmain

  # If bootmain returns (it shouldn't), trigger a Bochs
  # breakpoint if running under Bochs, then loop.
  movw    $0x8a00, %ax            # 0x8a00 -> port 0x8a00
  movw    %ax, %dx
  outw    %ax, %dx
  movw    $0x8ae0, %ax            # 0x8ae0 -> port 0x8a00
  outw    %ax, %dx
spin:
  jmp     spin

# Bootstrap GDT
.p2align 2                                # force 4 byte alignment
gdt:
  SEG_NULLASM                             # null seg
  SEG_ASM(STA_X|STA_R, 0x0, 0xffffffff)   # code seg
  SEG_ASM(STA_W, 0x0, 0xffffffff)         # data seg

gdtdesc:
  .word   (gdtdesc - gdt - 1)             # sizeof(gdt) - 1
  .long   gdt                             # address gdt

这段汇编代码，主要实现功能：(1) 寄存器置零，(2) 将0x64数据读取到al寄存器，(3) 判断0x64位数据后两位为10，如果不是，将0xd1写到0x60处。实际原理就是：引导加载器用 I/O 指令控制端口 0x64 和 0x60 上的键盘控制器，使其输出端口的第2位为高位，来使第21位地址正常工作，将地址从20位变为32位。(4) 加载全局变量表(gdtdesc)的指针。(5) 开始保护模式的标识，CR0_PE=1。(6) ljmp 指令，将跳转到start32去执行。

补充：对GDT和ljmp更加深刻的认识后，逐渐认识到，为什么ljmp指令是启动保护模式的关键。ljmp跳转到了全局描述符表中，第一个表项所指向的段地址，中的start32的位置。至于为什么要左移3，因为表项还需要1bit的ti标志位和2bit的权限。因此要左移三位。[GDT说明](http://www.techbulo.com/708.html)

 

start32主要功能：(1) 寄存器清零。(2) 将start程序保存入栈。 (3) call bootmain.即为bootmain.c文件中的程序。