转载地址: http://blog.csdn.net/QQ1084283172/article/details/69258334
一、QEMU的运行模式
直接摘抄自己《揭秘家用路由器0day漏洞挖掘技术》，网上查了一下也没有找到令人满意的QEMU的使用说明，就采用这本书上的介绍。如果后期能够找到比较满意的QEMU的使用方法的说明，再添加上来。
QEMU模拟器主要有两种比较常见的运作模式：User Mode（使用者模式）、System Mode（系统模式）。User Mode模式下，用户只需要将各种不同平台的处理编译得到的Linux程序放在QEMU虚拟中运行即可，其他的事情全部由QEMU虚拟机来完成，不需要用户自定义内核和虚拟磁盘等文件；System Mode模式下，最明显的特点是用户可以为QEMU虚拟机指定运行的内核或者虚拟硬盘等文件，简单来说系统模式下QEMU虚拟机是可根据用户的要求配置的。
二、QEMU在使用者模式下执行程序
当程序是静态编译（gcc编译的时候，加了静态编译选项 "-static" ）完成，运行时 不需要依赖动态链接库 ，在使用QEMU运行编译好的Linux程序使用下面的命令就好：
- # 查看可执行程序hello的文件类型MIPS32
- $ file hello
- hello: ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS32 version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, not stripped
- $ cp $(which qemu-mips) ./
- # 使用qemu-mips加载hello程序
- $ ./qemu-mips hello "Hello World"
- Hello World
当程序是动态编译（gcc编译的时候，没有静态编译选项 "-static" ）完成，程序运行时 需要依赖动态链接库 ，在使用QEMU运行编译好的Linux程序使用下面的命令就好：
- # 查看即将执行的文件的类型
- $ file bin/busybox
- # 拷贝qemu-mips到当前目录
- $ cp $(which qemu-mips) ./
- # 直接运行报错
- $ ./qemu-mips bin/busybox
- # 更改QEMU-MIPS执行的根目录到当前目录
- $ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips ./bin/busybox
执行的结果截图：
QEMU使用者模式下使用的命令行帮助，以 qemu-mipsel 为例：
- fly2016@ubuntu:~$ qemu-mipsel --help
- usage: qemu-mipsel [options] program [arguments...]
- Linux CPU emulator (compiled for mipsel emulation)
- Options and associated environment variables:
- Argument Env-variable Description
- -h print this help
- -help
- -g port QEMU_GDB wait gdb connection to 'port'
- -L path QEMU_LD_PREFIX set the elf interpreter prefix to 'path'
- -s size QEMU_STACK_SIZE set the stack size to 'size' bytes
- -cpu model QEMU_CPU select CPU (-cpu help for list)
- -E var=value QEMU_SET_ENV sets targets environment variable (see below)
- -U var QEMU_UNSET_ENV unsets targets environment variable (see below)
- -0 argv0 QEMU_ARGV0 forces target process argv[0] to be 'argv0'
- -r uname QEMU_UNAME set qemu uname release string to 'uname'
- -B address QEMU_GUEST_BASE set guest_base address to 'address'
- -R size QEMU_RESERVED_VA reserve 'size' bytes for guest virtual address space
- -d item[,...] QEMU_LOG enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of items)
- -D logfile QEMU_LOG_FILENAME write logs to 'logfile' (default stderr)
- -p pagesize QEMU_PAGESIZE set the host page size to 'pagesize'
- -singlestep QEMU_SINGLESTEP run in singlestep mode
- -strace QEMU_STRACE log system calls
- -seed QEMU_RAND_SEED Seed for pseudo-random number generator
- -trace QEMU_TRACE [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
- -version QEMU_VERSION display version information and exit
- Defaults:
- QEMU_LD_PREFIX = /usr/gnemul/qemu-mipsel
- QEMU_STACK_SIZE = 8388608 byte
- You can use -E and -U options or the QEMU_SET_ENV and
- QEMU_UNSET_ENV environment variables to set and unset
- environment variables for the target process.
- It is possible to provide several variables by separating them
- by commas in getsubopt(3) style. Additionally it is possible to
- provide the -E and -U options multiple times.
- The following lines are equivalent:
- -E var1=val2 -E var2=val2 -U LD_PRELOAD -U LD_DEBUG
- -E var1=val2,var2=val2 -U LD_PRELOAD,LD_DEBUG
- QEMU_SET_ENV=var1=val2,var2=val2 QEMU_UNSET_ENV=LD_PRELOAD,LD_DEBUG
- Note that if you provide several changes to a single variable
- the last change will stay in effect.
三、QEMU的系统模式使用
QEMU运行在系统模式下，需要为QEMU指定 内核镜像、IDE硬盘0/1镜像、内核命令行 等参数，QEMU虚拟机才能正常运行。Debian官网提供了QEMU虚拟机各种平台架构的内核镜像、硬盘文件镜像文件的下载，下载地址为：https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/，其中mips为大端机的，mipsel为小端机的。
这里以下载 mips大端机 的虚拟机镜像文件为例，具体的下载网址为：https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/，点击进去以后会发现mips虚拟机镜像文件的下载说明。我们根据mips虚拟机镜像文件的使用命令参数进行选择性的下载。
- Debian Squeeze and Wheezy mips images for QEMU
- ==============================================
- This directory contains Debian Squeeze and Wheezy mips images for QEMU and
- the corresponding kernels and initrds:
- 1d58f831f5e5064753c0c138d8d74057 debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2
- cb56139b63b88fdb38776051d28bb750 vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta
- 7165e80b0e5c5c3e40f2ca46401373ce vmlinux-2.6.32-5-5kc-malta
- bf699f435160b0bd9ac62905fa64701e debian_wheezy_mips_standard.qcow2
- 1fecbe19ff49a6fd715901483b23647c vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta
- 19e6e853d4a7a7b9ed5e787b7f875835 vmlinux-3.2.0-4-5kc-malta
- Both images are 25GiB images in QCOW2 format on which a Debian Squeeze or
- Wheezy "Standard system" installation has been performed. The other
- installation options are the following:
- - Keyboard: US
- - Locale: en_US
- - Mirror: ftp.debian.org
- - Hostname: debian-mips
- - Root password: root
- - User account: user
- - User password: user
- To use this image, you need to install QEMU 1.1.0 (or later). Start QEMU
- with the following arguments for a 32-bit machine:
- - qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- - qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- Start QEMU with the following arguments for a 64-bit machine:
- - qemu-system-mips64 -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-5kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- - qemu-system-mips64 -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-5kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- By default QEMU emulates a machine with 128MiB of RAM. You can use the -m option
- to increase or decrease the size of the RAM. It is however limited to 256MiB
- with a 32-bit kernel. With a 64-bit kernel and QEMU >= 1.7, it is possible to
- use up to 2047MiB of RAM, passing the memory map to the kernel, adding a mem=
- argument to the append parameters as follow: "mem=256m@0x0 mem=XXXm@0x90000000"
- where XXX represents the total memory size minus 256MiB. If you don't want to
- start QEMU in graphic mode, you can use the -nographic option. The image is
- configured to display a login prompt on the first serial port (ttys0). If you
- want to switch the boot messages to the serial port, you need to replace
- "console=tty0" by "console=ttyS0".
ubuntu下可以使用下面的命令进行mips和mipsel虚拟机镜像配置文件的下载：
- # +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- # Start QEMU with the following arguments for a 32-bit machine:
- $ qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- $ qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- # for MIPS 32bit ###############:
- # 内核版本为2.6.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2
- # 内核版本为3.2.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/debian_wheezy_mips_standard.qcow2
- # +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- # Start QEMU with the following arguments for a 64-bit machine:
- $ qemu-system-mips64 -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-5kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- $ qemu-system-mips64 -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-5kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- # for MIPS 64bit ###############:
- # 内核版本为2.6.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/vmlinux-2.6.32-5-5kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2
- # 内核版本为3.2.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/vmlinux-3.2.0-4-5kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mips/debian_wheezy_mips_standard.qcow2
- # +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- # Start QEMU with the following arguments for a 32-bit machine:
- $ qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- $ qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- # for MIPSEL 32bit ###############:
- # 内核版本为2.6.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/debian_squeeze_mipsel_standard.qcow2
- # 内核版本为3.2.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2
- # +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- # Start QEMU with the following arguments for a 64-bit machine:
- $ qemu-system-mips64el -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-5kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- $ qemu-system-mips64el -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-5kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"
- # for MIPSEL 64bit ###############:
- # 内核版本为2.6.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/vmlinux-2.6.32-5-5kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/debian_squeeze_mipsel_standard.qcow2
- # 内核版本为3.2.x
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/vmlinux-3.2.0-4-5kc-malta
- $ wget https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/mipsel/debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2
- $ sudo qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mips_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0" -nographic
QEMU系统者模式下使用的命令行帮助，以 qemu-system-mips 为例，功能挺强大的：
- fly2016@ubuntu:~$ qemu-system-mips -h
- QEMU emulator version 2.8.92 (v2.9.0-rc2-42-g6499fd1-dirty)
- Copyright (c) 2003-2017 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers
- usage: qemu-system-mips [options] [disk_image]
- 'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0
- Standard options:
- -h or -help display this help and exit
- -version display version information and exit
- -machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]
- selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)
- property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator
- supported accelerators are kvm, xen, tcg (default: tcg)
- kernel_irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=off)
- vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)
- kvm_shadow_mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes
- dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)
- mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)
- igd-passthru=on|off controls IGD GFX passthrough support (default=off)
- aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)
- dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)
- suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)
- nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)
- enforce-config-section=on|off enforce configuration section migration (default=off)
- -cpu cpu select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)
- -accel [accel=]accelerator[,thread=single|multi]
- select accelerator ('-accel help for list')
- thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)-smp [cpus=]n[,maxcpus=cpus][,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,sockets=sockets]
- set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]
- maxcpus= maximum number of total cpus, including
- offline CPUs for hotplug, etc
- cores= number of CPU cores on one socket
- threads= number of threads on one CPU core
- sockets= number of discrete sockets in the system
- -numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node]
- -numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node]
- -add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
- Add 'fd' to fd 'set'
- -set group.id.arg=value
- set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>
- i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image
- -global driver.property=value
- -global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
- set a global default for a driver property
- -boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]
- [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]
- 'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)
- 'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on
- 'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms
- 'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms
- -m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
- configure guest RAM
- size: initial amount of guest memory
- slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)
- maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)
- NOTE: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity
- -mem-path FILE provide backing storage for guest RAM
- -mem-prealloc preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)
- -k language use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)
- -audio-help print list of audio drivers and their options
- -soundhw c1,... enable audio support
- and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)
- use '-soundhw help' to get the list of supported cards
- use '-soundhw all' to enable all of them
- -balloon none disable balloon device
- -balloon virtio[,addr=str]
- enable virtio balloon device (default)
- -device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
- add device (based on driver)
- prop=value,... sets driver properties
- use '-device help' to print all possible drivers
- use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties
- -name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]
- set the name of the guest
- string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name (on Linux)
- When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name (on Linux)
- NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.
- -uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x
- specify machine UUID
- :
- Block device options:
- -fda/-fdb file use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image
- -hda/-hdb file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image
- -hdc/-hdd file use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image
- -cdrom file use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)
- -blockdev [driver=]driver[,node-name=N][,discard=ignore|unmap]
- [,cache.direct=on|off][,cache.no-flush=on|off]
- [,read-only=on|off][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
- [,driver specific parameters...]
- configure a block backend
- -drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]
- [,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s[,trans=t]][,snapshot=on|off]
- [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]
- [,serial=s][,addr=A][,rerror=ignore|stop|report]
- [,werror=ignore|stop|report|enospc][,id=name][,aio=threads|native]
- [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]
- [,discard=ignore|unmap][,detect-zeroes=on|off|unmap]
- [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]]
- [[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]]
- [[,bps_max=bm]|[[,bps_rd_max=rm][,bps_wr_max=wm]]]
- [[,iops_max=im]|[[,iops_rd_max=irm][,iops_wr_max=iwm]]]
- [[,iops_size=is]]
- [[,group=g]]
- use 'file' as a drive image
- -mtdblock file use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image
- -sd file use 'file' as SecureDigital card image
- -pflash file use 'file' as a parallel flash image
- -snapshot write to temporary files instead of disk image files
- -hdachs c,h,s[,t]
- force hard disk 0 physical geometry and the optional BIOS
- translation (t=none or lba) (usually QEMU can guess them)
- -fsdev fsdriver,id=id[,path=path,][security_model={mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none}]
- [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]
- [[,throttling.bps-total=b]|[[,throttling.bps-read=r][,throttling.bps-write=w]]]
- [[,throttling.iops-total=i]|[[,throttling.iops-read=r][,throttling.iops-write=w]]]
- [[,throttling.bps-total-max=bm]|[[,throttling.bps-read-max=rm][,throttling.bps-write-max=wm]]]
- [[,throttling.iops-total-max=im]|[[,throttling.iops-read-max=irm][,throttling.iops-write-max=iwm]]]
- [[,throttling.iops-size=is]]
- -virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=[mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none]
- [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]
- -virtfs_synth Create synthetic file system image
- :
- USB options:
- -usb enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)
- -usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'
- :
- Display options:
- -display sdl[,frame=on|off][,alt_grab=on|off][,ctrl_grab=on|off]
- [,window_close=on|off][,gl=on|off]
- -display gtk[,grab_on_hover=on|off][,gl=on|off]|
- -display vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]
- -display curses
- -display none select display type
- The default display is equivalent to
- "-vnc localhost:0,to=99,id=default"
- -nographic disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console
- -curses shorthand for -display curses
- -no-frame open SDL window without a frame and window decorations
- -alt-grab use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)
- -ctrl-grab use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)
- -no-quit disable SDL window close capability
- -sdl shorthand for -display sdl
- -spice [port=port][,tls-port=secured-port][,x509-dir=<dir>]
- [,x509-key-file=<file>][,x509-key-password=<file>]
- [,x509-cert-file=<file>][,x509-cacert-file=<file>]
- [,x509-dh-key-file=<file>][,addr=addr][,ipv4|ipv6|unix]
- [,tls-ciphers=<list>]
- [,tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
- [,plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]]
- [,sasl][,password=<secret>][,disable-ticketing]
- [,image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]]
- [,jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
- [,zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]]
- [,streaming-video=[off|all|filter]][,disable-copy-paste]
- [,disable-agent-file-xfer][,agent-mouse=[on|off]]
- [,playback-compression=[on|off]][,seamless-migration=[on|off]]
- [,gl=[on|off]][,rendernode=<file>]
- enable spice
- at least one of {port, tls-port} is mandatory
- -portrait rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD)
- -rotate <deg> rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD)
- -vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|tcx|cg3|virtio|none]
- select video card type
- -full-screen start in full screen
- -vnc <display> shorthand for -display vnc=<display>
- :
- Network options:
- -netdev user,id=str[,ipv4[=on|off]][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr]
- [,ipv6[=on|off]][,ipv6-net=addr[/int]][,ipv6-host=addr]
- [,restrict=on|off][,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr]
- [,dns=addr][,ipv6-dns=addr][,dnssearch=domain][,tftp=dir]
- [,bootfile=f][,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule][,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]
- configure a user mode network backend with ID 'str',
- its DHCP server and optional services
- -netdev tap,id=str[,fd=h][,fds=x:y:...:z][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile]
- [,br=bridge][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off]
- [,vhostfd=h][,vhostfds=x:y:...:z][,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
- [,poll-us=n]
- configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str'
- connected to a bridge (default=br0)
- use network scripts 'file' (default=/etc/qemu-ifup)
- to configure it and 'dfile' (default=/etc/qemu-ifdown)
- to deconfigure it
- use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution
- use network helper 'helper' (default=/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper) to
- configure it
- use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface
- use 'fds=x:y:...:z' to connect to already opened multiqueue capable TAP interfaces
- use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the
- default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')
- use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag
- use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition
- use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator
- (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)
- use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests
- use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device
- use 'vhostfds=x:y:...:z to connect to multiple already opened vhost net devices
- use 'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue TAP
- use 'poll-us=n' to speciy the maximum number of microseconds that could be
- spent on busy polling for vhost net
- -netdev bridge,id=str[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
- configure a host TAP network backend with ID 'str' that is
- connected to a bridge (default=br0)
- using the program 'helper (default=/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper)
- -netdev l2tpv3,id=str,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport]
- [,rxsession=rxsession],txsession=txsession[,ipv6=on/off][,udp=on/off]
- [,cookie64=on/off][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie]
- [,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
- configure a network backend with ID 'str' connected to
- an Ethernet over L2TPv3 pseudowire.
- Linux kernel 3.3+ as well as most routers can talk
- L2TPv3. This transport allows connecting a VM to a VM,
- VM to a router and even VM to Host. It is a nearly-universal
- standard (RFC3391). Note - this implementation uses static
- pre-configured tunnels (same as the Linux kernel).
- use 'src=' to specify source address
- use 'dst=' to specify destination address
- use 'udp=on' to specify udp encapsulation
- use 'srcport=' to specify source udp port
- use 'dstport=' to specify destination udp port
- use 'ipv6=on' to force v6
- L2TPv3 uses cookies to prevent misconfiguration as
- well as a weak security measure
- use 'rxcookie=0x012345678' to specify a rxcookie
- use 'txcookie=0x012345678' to specify a txcookie
- use 'cookie64=on' to set cookie size to 64 bit, otherwise 32
- use 'counter=off' to force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter
- use 'pincounter=on' to work around broken counter handling in peer
- use 'offset=X' to add an extra offset between header and data
- -netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
- configure a network backend to connect to another network
- using a socket connection
- -netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
- configure a network backend to connect to a multicast maddr and port
- use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from
- -netdev socket,id=str[,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]
- configure a network backend to connect to another network
- using an UDP tunnel
- -netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]
- configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'
- -netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n
- configure a hub port on QEMU VLAN 'n'
- -net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]
- old way to create a new NIC and connect it to VLAN 'n'
- (use the '-device devtype,netdev=str' option if possible instead)
- -net dump[,vlan=n][,file=f][,len=n]
- dump traffic on vlan 'n' to file 'f' (max n bytes per packet)
- -net none use it alone to have zero network devices. If no -net option
- is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'
- -net [user|tap|bridge|socket][,vlan=n][,option][,option][,...]
- old way to initialize a host network interface
- (use the -netdev option if possible instead)
- :
- Character device options:
- -chardev help
- -chardev null,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev socket,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,to=to][,ipv4][,ipv6][,nodelay][,reconnect=seconds]
- [,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds][,mux=on|off]
- [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off][,tls-creds=ID] (tcp)
- -chardev socket,id=id,path=path[,server][,nowait][,telnet][,reconnect=seconds]
- [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off] (unix)
- -chardev udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr]
- [,localport=localport][,ipv4][,ipv6][,mux=on|off]
- [,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev msmouse,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
- [,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev file,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev pipe,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev pty,id=id[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev stdio,id=id[,mux=on|off][,signal=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev serial,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev tty,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev parallel,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- -chardev parport,id=id,path=path[,mux=on|off][,logfile=PATH][,logappend=on|off]
- :
- Device URL Syntax:
- -iscsi [user=user][,password=password]
- [,header-digest=CRC32C|CR32C-NONE|NONE-CRC32C|NONE
- [,initiator-name=initiator-iqn][,id=target-iqn]
- [,timeout=timeout]
- iSCSI session parameters
- Bluetooth(R) options:
- -bt hci,null dumb bluetooth HCI - doesn't respond to commands
- -bt hci,host[:id]
- use host's HCI with the given name
- -bt hci[,vlan=n]
- emulate a standard HCI in virtual scatternet 'n'
- -bt vhci[,vlan=n]
- add host computer to virtual scatternet 'n' using VHCI
- -bt device:dev[,vlan=n]
- emulate a bluetooth device 'dev' in scatternet 'n'
- :
- TPM device options:
- -tpmdev passthrough,id=id[,path=path][,cancel-path=path]
- use path to provide path to a character device; default is /dev/tpm0
- use cancel-path to provide path to TPM's cancel sysfs entry; if
- not provided it will be searched for in /sys/class/misc/tpm?/device
- :
- Linux/Multiboot boot specific:
- -kernel bzImage use 'bzImage' as kernel image
- -append cmdline use 'cmdline' as kernel command line
- -initrd file use 'file' as initial ram disk
- -dtb file use 'file' as device tree image
- :
- Debug/Expert options:
- -fw_cfg [name=]<name>,file=<file>
- add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file
- -fw_cfg [name=]<name>,string=<str>
- add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string
- -serial dev redirect the serial port to char device 'dev'
- -parallel dev redirect the parallel port to char device 'dev'
- -monitor dev redirect the monitor to char device 'dev'
- -qmp dev like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode
- -qmp-pretty dev like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting
- -mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control]
- -debugcon dev redirect the debug console to char device 'dev'
- -pidfile file write PID to 'file'
- -singlestep always run in singlestep mode
- -S freeze CPU at startup (use 'c' to start execution)
- -realtime [mlock=on|off]
- run qemu with realtime features
- mlock=on|off controls mlock support (default: on)
- -gdb dev wait for gdb connection on 'dev'
- -s shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234
- -d item1,... enable logging of specified items (use '-d help' for a list of log items)
- -D logfile output log to logfile (default stderr)
- -dfilter range,.. filter debug output to range of addresses (useful for -d cpu,exec,etc..)
- -L path set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps
- -bios file set the filename for the BIOS
- -enable-kvm enable KVM full virtualization support
- -xen-domid id specify xen guest domain id
- -xen-create create domain using xen hypercalls, bypassing xend
- warning: should not be used when xend is in use
- -xen-attach attach to existing xen domain
- xend will use this when starting QEMU
- -no-reboot exit instead of rebooting
- -no-shutdown stop before shutdown
- -loadvm [tag|id]
- start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)
- -daemonize daemonize QEMU after initializing
- -option-rom rom load a file, rom, into the option ROM space
- -rtc [base=utc|localtime|date][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
- set the RTC base and clock, enable drift fix for clock ticks (x86 only)
- -icount [shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off,rr=record|replay,rrfile=<filename>,rrsnapshot=<snapshot>]
- enable virtual instruction counter with 2^N clock ticks per
- instruction, enable aligning the host and virtual clocks
- or disable real time cpu sleeping
- -watchdog model
- enable virtual hardware watchdog [default=none]
- -watchdog-action reset|shutdown|poweroff|pause|debug|none
- action when watchdog fires [default=reset]
- -echr chr set terminal escape character instead of ctrl-a
- -virtioconsole c
- set virtio console
- -show-cursor show cursor
- -tb-size n set TB size
- -incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4][,ipv6]
- -incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4][,ipv6]
- -incoming unix:socketpath
- prepare for incoming migration, listen on
- specified protocol and socket address
- -incoming fd:fd
- -incoming exec:cmdline
- accept incoming migration on given file descriptor
- or from given external command
- -incoming defer
- wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming
- -only-migratable allow only migratable devices
- -nodefaults don't create default devices
- -chroot dir chroot to dir just before starting the VM
- -runas user change to user id user just before starting the VM
- -semihosting semihosting mode
- -semihosting-config [enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,arg=str[,...]]
- semihosting configuration
- -sandbox <arg> Enable seccomp mode 2 system call filter (default 'off').
- -readconfig <file>
- -writeconfig <file>
- read/write config file
- -nodefconfig
- do not load default config files at startup
- -no-user-config
- do not load user-provided config files at startup
- -trace [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]
- specify tracing options
- -enable-fips enable FIPS 140-2 compliance
- -msg timestamp[=on|off]
- change the format of messages
- on|off controls leading timestamps (default:on)
- -dump-vmstate <file>
- Output vmstate information in JSON format to file.
- Use the scripts/vmstate-static-checker.py file to
- check for possible regressions in migration code
- by comparing two such vmstate dumps.
- :
- Generic object creation:
- -object TYPENAME[,PROP1=VALUE1,...]
- create a new object of type TYPENAME setting properties
- in the order they are specified. Note that the 'id'
- property must be set. These objects are placed in the
- '/objects' path.
- During emulation, the following keys are useful:
- ctrl-alt-f toggle full screen
- ctrl-alt-n switch to virtual console 'n'
- ctrl-alt toggle mouse and keyboard grab
- When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.
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