Tensorflow深度学习之二十七：tf.nn.conv1d

一、conv1d
  在NLP领域，甚至图像处理的时候，我们可能会用到一维卷积（conv1d）。所谓的一维卷积可以看作是二维卷积（conv2d）的简化，二维卷积是将一个特征图在width和height两个方向上进行滑窗操作，对应位置进行相乘并求和；而一维卷积则是只在width或者说height方向上进行滑窗并相乘求和。
  以下是Tensor Flow中关于tf.nn.conv1d的API注解：

Computes a 1-D convolution given 3-D input and filter tensors.

Given an input tensor of shape
  [batch, in_width, in_channels]
if data_format is "NHWC", or
  [batch, in_channels, in_width]
if data_format is "NCHW",
and a filter / kernel tensor of shape
[filter_width, in_channels, out_channels], this op reshapes
the arguments to pass them to conv2d to perform the equivalent
convolution operation.

Internally, this op reshapes the input tensors and invokes `tf.nn.conv2d`.
For example, if `data_format` does not start with "NC", a tensor of shape
  [batch, in_width, in_channels]
is reshaped to
  [batch, 1, in_width, in_channels],
and the filter is reshaped to
  [1, filter_width, in_channels, out_channels].
The result is then reshaped back to
  [batch, out_width, out_channels]
\(where out_width is a function of the stride and padding as in conv2d\) and
returned to the caller.

Args:
  value: A 3D `Tensor`.  Must be of type `float32` or `float64`.
  filters: A 3D `Tensor`.  Must have the same type as `input`.
  stride: An `integer`.  The number of entries by which
    the filter is moved right at each step.
  padding: 'SAME' or 'VALID'
  use_cudnn_on_gpu: An optional `bool`.  Defaults to `True`.
  data_format: An optional `string` from `"NHWC", "NCHW"`.  Defaults
    to `"NHWC"`, the data is stored in the order of
    [batch, in_width, in_channels].  The `"NCHW"` format stores
    data as [batch, in_channels, in_width].
  name: A name for the operation (optional).

Returns:
  A `Tensor`.  Has the same type as input.

Raises:
  ValueError: if `data_format` is invalid.

二、详解
  conv1d的参数含义：(以NHWC格式为例，即，通道维在最后)

1、value：在注释中，value的格式为：[batch, in_width, in_channels]，batch为样本维，表示多少个样本，in_width为宽度维，表示样本的宽度，in_channels维通道维，表示样本有多少个通道。
  事实上，也可以把格式看作如下:[batch, 行数, 列数]，把每一个样本看作一个平铺开的二维数组。这样的话可以方便理解。

2、filters：在注释中，filters的格式为：[filter_width, in_channels, out_channels]。按照value的第二种看法，filter_width可以看作每次与value进行卷积的行数，in_channels表示value一共有多少列（与value中的in_channels相对应）。out_channels表示输出通道，可以理解为一共有多少个卷积核，即卷积核的数目。

3、stride：一个整数，表示步长，每次（向下）移动的距离（TensorFlow中解释是向右移动的距离，这里可以看作向下移动的距离）。

4、padding：同conv2d，value是否需要在下方填补0。

5、name：名称。可省略。

三、代码示例:
  conv1d简单使用的代码如下：

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

# 定义一个矩阵a，表示需要被卷积的矩阵。
a = np.array(np.arange(1, 1 + 20).reshape([1, 10, 2]), dtype=np.float32)

# 卷积核，此处卷积核的数目为1
kernel = np.array(np.arange(1, 1 + 4), dtype=np.float32).reshape([2, 2, 1])

# 进行conv1d卷积
conv1d = tf.nn.conv1d(a, kernel, 1, 'VALID')

with tf.Session() as sess:
    # 初始化
    tf.global_variables_initializer().run()
    # 输出卷积值
    print(sess.run(conv1d))

结果如下：

[[[ 30.]
  [ 50.]
  [ 70.]
  [ 90.]
  [110.]
  [130.]
  [150.]
  [170.]
  [190.]]]