手撕：三个线程交替打印ABC

问题描述： 写三个线程打印 “ABC”，一个线程打印 A，一个线程打印 B，一个线程打印 C。

方案一：Semaphore

Semaphore (信号量) 可以用来控制同时访问特定资源的线程数量。

import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;

public class ABCPrinter {
    private final int times; // 打印次数
    private final Semaphore semaphoreA = new Semaphore(1);
    private final Semaphore semaphoreB = new Semaphore(0);
    private final Semaphore semaphoreC = new Semaphore(0);

    public ABCPrinter(int times) {
        this.times = times;
    }

    private void printA() {
        print("A", semaphoreA, semaphoreB);
    }

    private void printB() {
        print("B", semaphoreB, semaphoreC);
    }

    private void printC() {
        print("C", semaphoreC, semaphoreA);
    }

    public void print(String value, Semaphore current, Semaphore next) {
        for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
            try {
                current.acquire();
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + value);
                next.release();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ABCPrinter printer = new ABCPrinter(3);
        new Thread(printer::printA, "Thread-A").start();
        new Thread(printer::printB, "Thread-B").start();
        new Thread(printer::printC, "Thread-C").start();
    }
}

方案二：ReentrantLock + Condition

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class ABCPrinter {
    private final int times; // 打印次数
    private int state = 0; // 当前状态值
    private final ReentrantLock LOCK = new ReentrantLock();
    private final Condition conditionA = LOCK.newCondition();
    private final Condition conditionB = LOCK.newCondition();
    private final Condition conditionC = LOCK.newCondition();

    public ABCPrinter(int times) {
        this.times = times;
    }

    private void printA() {
        print("A", conditionA, conditionB);
    }

    private void printB() {
        print("B", conditionB, conditionC);
    }

    private void printC() {
        print("C", conditionC, conditionA);
    }

    public void print(String value, Condition current, Condition next) {
        for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
            LOCK.lock();
            try {
                while (!((state == 0 && value.equals("A"))
                        || (state == 1 && value.equals("B"))
                        || (state == 2 && value.equals("C")))) {
                    current.await();
                }
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + value);
                state = (state + 1) % 3;
                next.signal();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            } finally {
                LOCK.unlock();
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ABCPrinter printer = new ABCPrinter(3);
        new Thread(printer::printA, "Thread-A").start();
        new Thread(printer::printB, "Thread-B").start();
        new Thread(printer::printC, "Thread-C").start();
    }
}

方案三：synchronized + wait/notify

public class ABCPrinter {
    private final int times; // 打印次数
    private int state = 0; // 0: print A, 1: print B, 2: print C
    private final Object LOCK = new Object();

    public ABCPrinter(int times) {
        this.times = times;
    }

    private void printA() {
        print("A", 0);
    }

    private void printB() {
        print("B", 1);
    }

    private void printC() {
        print("C", 2);
    }

    public void print(String value, int expectedState) {
        for (int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
            synchronized (LOCK) {
                try {
                    while (state != expectedState) {
                        LOCK.wait();
                    }
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + value);
                    state = (state + 1) % 3;
                    LOCK.notifyAll();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ABCPrinter printer = new ABCPrinter(3);
        Thread t1 = new Thread(printer::printA, "Thread-A");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(printer::printB, "Thread-B");
        Thread t3 = new Thread(printer::printC, "Thread-C");
        // 按照相反的顺序启动线程: C->B->A
        t3.start();
        t2.start();
        t1.start();
        // 输出：
        // Thread-A: A
        // Thread-B: B
        // Thread-C: C
        // ...重复3次...
    }
}

参考：华为OD面试：三个线程交替打印ABC如何实现？