Python进阶

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-03 08:38:12 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-03 08:38:12 发布

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分类专栏： Self-taught Python

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/DemoD_/article/details/82765386

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文章目录

Python进阶

成员资格：

>>> user_name = ["DemoD_","DemoLi"]
		 
>>> input("Enter you user name:") in user_name
		 
Enter you user name:DemoD_
True

join:

“str”.join(“object”) : 将str作为分隔符添加到object每个元素之间

列表可以修改，而元组不可以修改

List

1.del:

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
		 
>>> del a[1]
		 
>>> a
		 
[1, 3, 4]

2.append:
将一个对象加到列表末尾

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
		 
>>> a.append(5)
		 
>>> a
		 
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

3.clear:
清空列表

>>> a.clear()
		 
>>> a
		 
[]

4.copy:
复制列表

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
		 
>>> b = a.copy()
		 
>>> b
		 
[1, 2, 3, 4]

5.count:
计算元素在列表中出现的个数

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 2]
		 
>>> a
		 
[1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 2]
>>> a.count(2)
		 
3

6.extend:
可以将多个元素添加到列表尾部，类似拼接，返回列表，可以用来拼接列表

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
		 
>>> b = [4, 5, 6]
		 
>>> a.extend(b)
		 
>>> a
		 
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

7.index:
返回指定元素的下标

>>> str = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
		 
>>> str.index('a')
		 
0
>>> str.index('b')
		 
1

8.insert:
将一个对象插入列表

>>> str = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>>> str.insert(2, 'e')
>>> str
		 
['a', 'b', 'e', 'c', 'd']

9.pop:
删除列表中最后一个元素，并返回删除元素，也可以指定位置删除元素

>>> str
		 
['a', 'b', 'e', 'c', 'd']
>>> str.pop()
		 
'd'
>>> str.pop(0)
		 
'a'
>>> str
		 
['b', 'e', 'c']

10.remove:
删除指定元素在列表中第一个元素

>>> str = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
		 
>>> str.remove('a')
		 
>>> str
		 
['b', 'c', 'd']

11.reverse:
将列表元素颠倒

>>> str = ['a', 'b', 'c']

>>> str.reverse()
		 
>>> str
		 
['c', 'b', 'a']

12.sort:
将列表的元素从小到大排列

>>> a = [3, 2, 5, 0, 1]
>>> a.sort()
		 
>>> a
		 
[0, 1, 2, 3, 5]

notice
enumerate

>>> li = ["a", "b", "c"]
>>> for i,v in enumerate(li):
	print(i,v)

	
0 a
1 b
2 c
>>> for i,v in enumerate(li,1):
	print(i,v)

	
1 a
2 b
3 c
>>>

元组（tuple）

一个元素的元组表示

（58，）

元组的初始化

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
		 
>>> b = tuple(a)
		 
>>> b
		 
(1, 2, 3)

元组和列表相似很多方法都可以用

字符串（不可变）

1.替换字段名：

>>> a = "{fear}{}{foo}{}".format(1, 2, fear = 3, foo = 4)
		 
>>> a
		 
'3142'
>>> a = "{0}{2}{1}".format("DemoD_","DemoLi_", "DemoFu_")
		 
>>> a
		 
'DemoD_DemoFu_DemoLi_'
>>> a = "Hello %s!" %("World")
		 
>>> a
		 
'Hello World!'

2.宽度，精度，千位分隔符：

>>> # 设置宽度
>>> a = "{name:10}".format(name = "DemoD_")
		 
>>> a
		 
'DemoD_    '
>>> a = "{:10}".format("DemoD")
		 
>>> a
		 
'DemoD     '

>>>  # 设置精度
>>> a = "PI equal {:.2f}".format(math.pi)
		 
>>> a
		 
'PI equal 3.14'

>>> # 设置千位分隔符
		 
>>> a ="{:,}".format(10**100)
		 
>>> a
		 
'10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000'

3.符号，对齐方式，填充：

在宽度，精度前添加符号作为填充符

>>> a = "{:010.2f}".format(math.pi)
		 
>>> a
		 
'0000003.14'

对齐方式向左，居中，向右对齐。< , ^ , >

>>> a = "{0:<10.2f}\n{0:^10.2f}\n{0:>10.2f}\n".format(math.pi)
		 
>>> print(a)
		 
3.14      
   3.14   
      3.14

4.字符串方法：
（1）center:
将字符居中显示

>>> a = "Who are you?".center(20,'*')
		 
>>> a
		 
'****Who are you?****'

（2）find:
查找指定元素，返回下标，不存在返回-1

>>> a = "Life is short, you need python"
		 
>>> a.find("python")
		 
24
>>> a.find("h",10,-1)
		 
27

(3).join:
与split相反

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> " ".join(a)
		 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#89>", line 1, in <module>
    " ".join(a)
TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance, int found
>>> a = ['1', '2', '3', '4']
		 
>>> "".join(a)
		 
'1234'

说明列表的元素为字符串才能应用
(4).lower
对应的有upper
返回字符串的小写

>>> a = "Hello World!"
		 
>>> a.lower()
		 
'hello world!'

（5）title
词首大写

>>> a = "hello world!"
		 
>>> a.title()
		 
'Hello World!'

（6）replace:
用另一个字符串代替原字符串中的某段字符串

>>> a = "I love python".replace("python", "DemoLi_")
		 
>>> print(a)
		 
I love DemoLi_

（7）.split:
将字符串拆分为序列

>>> a = "D://PythonDemo//MySomeTest//chinamap.jpg"
		 
>>> a.split("/")
		 
['D:', '', 'PythonDemo', '', 'MySomeTest', '', 'chinamap.jpg']

（8）strip:
删除字符串开头结尾的空格，或者指定字符

>>> a = "    Life is short, you need python    "
		 
>>> a.strip()
		 
'Life is short, you need python'
>>> a = "***Life is short, you need python***"
		 
>>> a.strip("*")
		 
'Life is short, you need python'

字典（key - value）

>>> person = [("name","DemoD_"),["age","22"]]
>>> dict_person = dict(person)
>>> dict_person
{'name': 'DemoD_', 'age': '22'}
>>> dict_person["name"]
'DemoD_'
>>> dict_person["age"]
‘22’

1.字典的基本操作

>>> len(dict_person)  # 返回字典中键值对的个数
2
>>> dict_person["name"]  # 返回key对应的value
'DemoD_'
>>> dict_person["name"] = "DemoLi_"    # 修改或添加元素
>>> dict_person
{'name': 'DemoLi_', 'age': '22'}
>>> del dict_person["name"]   # 删除指定键值对
>>> dict_person
{'age': '22'}
>>> "age" in dict_person  # 判断键值对是否存在字典中
True

A simple example

>>> home = {
	"DemoD_":{
		"phone":"111",
		"addr":"aaa"
		},
	"DemoLi_":{
		"phone":"222",
		"addr":"bbb"
		},
	"DemoFu":{
		"phone":"333",
		"addr":"ccc"
		}
	}
>>> labels = {
	"phone":"phone number",
	"addr":"address"
	}
>>> name = input("Name:")
Name:DemoD_
>>> requests = input("Phone number(p) or address(a)?")
Phone number(p) or address(a)?p
>>> if requests =="p":
	key = "phone"

	
>>> if requests =="a":
	key = "addr"

	
>>> if name in home:
	print("{}'s {} is {}.".format(name,labels[key],home[name][key]))

	
DemoD_'s phone number is 111.

字典方法

1.clear:
清空字典
(1).如果你想保存一个字典，在清空，不想清空保存字典的数据。

>>> x = {}
>>> y = x
>>> x["key"] = "value"
>>> x = {}
>>> x
{}
>>> y
{'key': 'value'}

（2).你想清空数组，同时想将同步的字典也清空。

>>> x = {}
>>> y = x
>>> x["key"] = "value"
>>> y
{'key': 'value'}
>>> x.clear()
>>> x
{}
>>> y
{}

2.copy:
复制

>>> computer = {"user_name":"admin","machines":["lenovo","inter_i5", "window_10"]}
>>> computer_copy = computer.copy()
>>> computer_copy["user_name"] = "DemoD_"  # 副本替换值，原本无影响
>>> computer_copy["machines"].remove("window_10")  # 副本修改，原本做相应的变换
>>> computer_copy
{'user_name': 'DemoD_', 'machines': ['lenovo', 'inter_i5']}
>>> computer
{'user_name': 'admin', 'machines': ['lenovo', 'inter_i5']}

原件修改
deepcopy

>>> d = {}
>>> d["name"] = ["DemoD_","DemoLi_"]
>>> c = d.copy()
>>> c
{'name': ['DemoD_', 'DemoLi_']}
>>> dc = deepcopy(d)
>>> dc
{'name': ['DemoD_', 'DemoLi_']}
>>> d["name"].append("DemoFu_")
>>> c
{'name': ['DemoD_', 'DemoLi_', 'DemoFu_']}
>>> dc
{'name': ['DemoD_', 'DemoLi_']}

3.fromkeys:
创建指定key,key的value都为None

>>> a = {}.fromkeys(["name","age"])
>>> a
{'name': None, 'age': None}

也可以这样

>>> a = {}.fromkeys(["name","age"],"unknown")
>>> a
{'name': 'unknown', 'age': 'unknown'}

4.get:
通过key查找value

>>> d = {}
>>> print(d["name"])  # 					不存在的这样会报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#96>", line 1, in <module>
    print(d["name"])
KeyError: 'name'
>>> print(d.get("name"))		#							get就不会报错
None
>>> d.get("name","not_exist")  #					如果不存在，可以设置返回值
'not_exist'
>>> d["name"]="DemoD_"
>>> d["name"]
'DemoD_'
>>> d.get("name")
'DemoD_'

5.items:
返回字典中所有的键值对

>>> d = {"title":"BaiDu","url":"http://www.baidu.com","spam":0}
>>> d.items()
dict_items([('title', 'BaiDu'), ('url', 'http://www.baidu.com'), ('spam', 0)])
>>> len(d)
3

6.keys 和 value:

>>> d.keys()
dict_keys(['title', 'url', 'spam'])
>>> d.values()
dict_values(['BaiDu', 'http://www.baidu.com', 0])

7.pop:
删除指定键值并返回value

>>> d = {"x":1,"y":2}
>>> d.pop("x")
1
>>> d
{'y': 2}

8.popitem:
删除最后一个键值，返回value；因为字典是无序，好处就是删除不用知道key

>>> d = {"x":1,"y":2,"z":3}
>>> d.popitem()
('z', 3)
>>> d
{'x': 1, 'y': 2}

9.setdefault:
返回索引的value若不存在则新建，并返回设置的value

>>> d = {}
>>> d.setdefault("name","not_exist")
'not_exist'
>>> d
{'name': 'not_exist'}
>>> d["name"] = "DemoD_"
>>> d.setdefault("name","not_exist")
'DemoD_'

10.update:

>>> d = {
	"title":"Python",
	"price":100,
	"version":3.8
	}
>>> x = {"title":"Life is short ,you need python"}
>>> d.update(x)
>>> d
{'title': 'Life is short ,you need python', 'price': 100, 'version': 3.8}

print:

print自动换行，设置print不自动换行

print("Hello World!",end="")

eval

>>> s = input("please enter a integer")
please enter a integer1
>>> s
'1'
>>> s = eval(input("please enter a integer"))
please enter a integer1
>>> s
1

repr:

将指定的object转换为string

>>> repr("x")
"'x'"

类

class Person:
    def set_name(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def get_name(self):
        return self.name

    def greet(self):
        print("Hello, world! I'm {}".format(self.name))


foo = Person()
bar = Person()
foo.set_name("DemoD_")
bar.set_name("DemoLi_")
foo.greet()
bar.greet()

继承

class A:
    def hello(self):
        print("Hello, I'm A")


class B(A):
    def hello(self):
        print("Hello, I'm B")


a = A()
b = B()
print(a.hello())
print(b.hello())

模块

# hello.py
def hello():
	print("Hello World!")

>>>import hello
>>>hello.hello()
Hello World!

Time

>>> import time
>>> t = time.time()
>>> print("当前时间", t)
当前时间 1537961526.6770139
>>> #时间戳
>>> import time
>>> localtime = time.localtime(time.time())
>>> print("当前时间:",localtime)
当前时间: time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=9, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=19, tm_min=33, tm_sec=3, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=269, tm_isdst=0)
>>> import time
>>> localtime = time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))
>>> print("当前时间:",localtime)
当前时间: Wed Sep 26 19:33:51 2018

process

>>> import subprocess
>>> res =subprocess.Popen("dir", shell = True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
>>> print(res.stdout.read().decode("gbk"))
 驱动器 D 中的卷是 软件

 卷的序列号是 000C-6CCC



 D:\python3 的目录



2018/08/21  14:51    <DIR>          .

2018/08/21  14:51    <DIR>          ..

2018/07/26  11:10    <DIR>          DLLs

2018/07/26  11:09    <DIR>          Doc

2018/08/16  11:25    <DIR>          include

2018/08/11  15:06    <DIR>          Lib

2018/07/26  11:09    <DIR>          libs

2018/06/27  05:03            30,189 LICENSE.txt

2018/06/27  05:03           608,911 NEWS.txt

2018/08/14  15:05            11,190 outfile.png

2018/06/27  05:01            99,992 python.exe

2018/06/27  05:00            59,032 python3.dll

2018/06/27  05:00         3,844,760 python37.dll

2018/06/27  05:01            98,456 pythonw.exe

2018/08/21  14:53    <DIR>          Scripts

2018/08/16  11:21    <DIR>          share

2018/07/26  11:10    <DIR>          tcl

2018/07/26  11:09    <DIR>          Tools

2018/08/21  14:49         3,051,365 Twisted-18.7.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl

2018/06/27  04:02            89,752 vcruntime140.dll

               9 个文件      7,893,647 字节

              11 个目录 185,532,637,184 可用字节


>>> print(res.stderr.read().decode("gbk"))

控制台字体颜色设置

添加链接描述

迭代器

访问元素，可以记录元素的位置，但是只能前进，不能后退，两个基本方法
iter和next

>>> list = [1,2,3,4]
>>> it = iter(list)
>>> print(next(it))
1
>>> print(next(it))
2

用iter

>>> list = [1,3,5,7]
>>> it = iter(list)
>>> for x in it:
	print(x, end=" ")

	
1 3 5 7

用Next

>>> import sys
>>> list = [1,2,3,4]
>>> it = iter(list)
>>> 
>>> while True:
	try:
		print(next(it))
	except StopIteration:
		sys.exit()

		
1
2
3
4

# eval：执行字符串类型的代码，并返回最终结果。
# eval('2 + 2')  # 4
#
# n = 81
# print(eval("n + 4"))  # 85
#
# eval('print(666)')  # 666

　exec:执行字符串类型的代码。
s = '''
for i in [1,2,3]:
    print(i)
'''
exec(s)

compile:将字符串类型的代码编译。代码对象能够通过exec语句来执行或者eval()进行求值。
'''
参数说明：　　　

1. 参数source：字符串或者AST（Abstract Syntax Trees）对象。即需要动态执行的代码段。　　

2. 参数 filename：代码文件名称，如果不是从文件读取代码则传递一些可辨认的值。当传入了source参数时，filename参数传入空字符即可。　　

3. 参数model：指定编译代码的种类，可以指定为 ‘exec’,’eval’,’single’。当source中包含流程语句时，model应指定为‘exec’；当source中只包含一个简单的求值表达式，model应指定为‘eval’；当source中包含了交互式命令语句，model应指定为'single'。
'''
>>> #流程语句使用exec
>>> code1 = 'for i in range(0,10): print (i)'
>>> compile1 = compile(code1,'','exec')
>>> exec (compile1)


>>> #简单求值表达式用eval
>>> code2 = '1 + 2 + 3 + 4'
>>> compile2 = compile(code2,'','eval')
>>> eval(compile2)


>>> #交互语句用single
>>> code3 = 'name = input("please input your name:")'
>>> compile3 = compile(code3,'','single')
>>> name #执行前name变量不存在
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#29>", line 1, in <module>
    name
NameError: name 'name' is not defined
>>> exec(compile3) #执行时显示交互命令，提示输入
please input your name:'pythoner'
>>> name #执行后name变量有值
"'pythoner'"