Servlet
Servlet简介
-
Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
-
Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
- 1.编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
- 2.把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中。
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做,Servlet
HelloServlet
Serlvet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet,要继承实现类,首先需要依赖jar包
- 构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立Moudel;这个空的工程就是Maven主工程;
- 关于Maven父子工程的理解
父项目的pom.xml中会有:
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
子项目的pom.xml中会有:
<parent>
<artifactId>maven-01</artifactId>
<groupId>JavaWeb</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
父项目中的java包里的代码,子项目可以直接使用
3. Maven环境优化
修改web.xml为最新的
将maven的结构搭建完整
4. 编写一个Servlet程序
- 1.编写一个实现类,依赖对应的jar包
- 2.实现Servlet类(直接继承HttpServlet),重写doGet和doPost方法即可
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
writer.print("Hello,Serlvet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 编写Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要再web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径;
<!--注册Servlet-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping> //加入映射路径
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> //这块的name和上面的 servlet-name 里的name保持一致
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> //这个是你在浏览器上访问的映射路径
</servlet-mapping>
- 配置Tomcat注意:
配置项目发布的路径就可以了 - 启动测试
Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:
Mapping问题
- 一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello5</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径 *是通配符
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 默认请求路径
<!--默认请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 指定一些后缀(前缀不行)
<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
注意点,*前面不能加项目映射的路径
hello/sajdlkajda.qinjiang
-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.qinjiang</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求;
<!--404-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;
- 1.共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个servlet中拿到;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "张三"; //数据
context.setAttribute("username",username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为:username 。值 username
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
编写Servlet的映射:
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 2.获取初始化参数
首先在web.xml中配置初始参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
然后再获取初始化参数
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
- 3.请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
//RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
//requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发;
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
- 4.读取资源文件
一般资源文件的后缀是properties- 在java目录下新建文件类型是properties的配置文件
- 在resources目录下新建properties
//配置文件内容
username=zhangsan
password=123456
读取资源文件
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(in);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 5.重定向
MyServlet写点东西
public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.getWriter().print("Success!");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
MyServlet2重定向到MyServlet的映射地址:“/test2”
public class MyServlet2 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.sendRedirect("/test2"); //MyServlet的映射地址
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
两个类的映射配置
<servlet>
<servlet-name>test</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet2</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>test</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/test</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>test2</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>test2</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/test2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
转发和重定向的区别
- 相同点
页面都会实现跳转 - 不同点
请求转发的时候,url地址栏不会发生变化
请求重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化