证明:如果 C k = p k q k C_k = \frac{p_k}{q_k} Ck=qkpk是 d \sqrt{d} d的简单连分数展开式的收敛子,那么 ∣ p k 2 − d q k 2 ∣ < 1 + 2 d |p_k^2 - dq_k^2| < 1 + 2\sqrt{d} ∣pk2−dqk2∣<1+2d.
思路:已知 p k 2 − d q k 2 = ( − 1 ) k − 1 Q k + 1 p_k^2 - dq_k^2 = (-1)^{k-1}Q_{k+1} pk2−dqk2=(−1)k−1Qk+1,那么可以是否可以求得 Q k + 1 Q_{k+1} Qk+1的取值范围,然而可知的是 α k = P k + d Q k > 0 , α k ′ = P k − d Q k ∈ ( − 1 , 0 ) \alpha_k = \frac{P_k + \sqrt{d}}{Q_k} > 0, \alpha_k' = \frac{P_k - \sqrt{d}}{Q_k} \in (-1, 0) αk=QkPk+d>0,αk′=QkPk−d∈(−1,0),因为 α k , k ∈ Z + \alpha_k, k \in Z_+ αk,k∈Z+是纯循环的,从而可得 α k − α k ′ = 2 d Q k > 0 ⇒ Q k > 0 \alpha_k - \alpha_k' = \frac{2\sqrt{d}}{Q_k} > 0 \Rightarrow Q_k > 0 αk−αk′=Qk2d>0⇒Qk>0,又
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Q_{k+1} = \frac{d - P_{k+1}^2}{Q_k} \Rightarrow P_{k+1} = \sqrt{d - Q_kQ_{k+1}} < \sqrt{d}
Qk+1=Qkd−Pk+12⇒Pk+1=d−QkQk+1<d
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Q_{k+1} \le Q_kQ_{k+1} = d - P_{k+1}^2 < d
Qk+1≤QkQk+1=d−Pk+12<d
没有得出一个更好的上界,故而尝试采用逆推,遇到什么就证明什么
证:
∣ p k 2 − d q k 2 ∣ = ∣ p k − q k d ∣ ∣ p k + q k d ∣ |p_k^2 - dq_k^2| = |p_k - q_k\sqrt{d}||p_k + q_k\sqrt{d}| ∣pk2−dqk2∣=∣pk−qkd∣∣pk+qkd∣
= q k 2 ∣ C k − d ∣ ∣ C k + d ∣ < 1 + 2 d = q_k^2|C_k - \sqrt{d}||C_k + \sqrt{d}| < 1 + 2\sqrt{d} =qk2∣Ck−d∣∣Ck+d∣<1+2d
⇔ ∣ C k − d ∣ ∣ C k + d ∣ < ( 1 + 2 d ) q k 2 \Leftrightarrow |C_k - \sqrt{d}||C_k + \sqrt{d}| < (1 + 2\sqrt{d})q_k^2 ⇔∣Ck−d∣∣Ck+d∣<(1+2d)qk2
⇔ C k 2 < ( 1 + 2 d ) q k 2 + d \Leftrightarrow C_k^2 < (1 + 2\sqrt{d})q_k^2 + d ⇔Ck2<(1+2d)qk2+d
∵ ∀ k ∈ Z + , j ∈ Z + C 2 k − 1 > C 2 k + 1 , C 2 ( j + 1 ) < C 2 j , C 2 k − 1 > C 2 j \because \forall_{k \in Z_+, j \in Z_+}C_{2k - 1} > C_{2k+1}, C_{2(j+1)} < C_{2j}, C_{2k - 1} > C_{2j} ∵∀k∈Z+,j∈Z+C2k−1>C2k+1,C2(j+1)<C2j,C2k−1>C2j
∴ max ( C 0 , C 1 , . . . ) = C 1 \therefore \max(C_0, C_1, ...) = C_1 ∴max(C0,C1,...)=C1
∴ ⇔ C k 2 < C 1 2 = ( a 0 + 1 a 1 ) 2 < ( d + 1 ) 2 = 1 + 2 d + d = ( 1 + 2 d ) + d ≤ ( 1 + 2 d ) q k 2 + d \therefore \Leftrightarrow C_k^2 < C_1^2 = (a_0 + \frac{1}{a_1})^2 < (\sqrt{d} + 1)^2 = 1 + 2\sqrt{d} + d = (1 + 2\sqrt{d}) + d \le (1 + 2\sqrt{d})q_k^2 + d ∴⇔Ck2<C12=(a0+a11)2<(d+1)2=1+2d+d=(1+2d)+d≤(1+2d)qk2+d
∴ \therefore ∴得证
经过反思后,发现上面证明有个致命的错误:
∣ C k − d ∣ ∣ C k + d ∣ < ( 1 + 2 d ) q k 2 |C_k - \sqrt{d}||C_k + \sqrt{d}| < (1 + 2\sqrt{d})q_k^2 ∣Ck−d∣∣Ck+d∣<(1+2d)qk2
下面给出严格证明:
∣ p k 2 − d q k 2 ∣ = q k 2 ∣ C k − d ∣ ∣ C k + d ∣ |p_k^2 - dq_k^2| = q_k^2|C_k - \sqrt{d}||C_k + \sqrt{d}| ∣pk2−dqk2∣=qk2∣Ck−d∣∣Ck+d∣
< q k 2 × 1 q k q k + 1 × ∣ C k + d ∣ < q_k^2 \times \frac{1}{q_kq_{k+1}} \times |C_k + \sqrt{d}| <qk2×qkqk+11×∣Ck+d∣
< q k 2 × 1 q k 2 × ∣ C k + d ∣ < q_k^2 \times \frac{1}{q_k^2} \times |C_k + \sqrt{d}| <qk2×qk21×∣Ck+d∣
< C k + d < C_k + \sqrt{d} <Ck+d
≤ C 1 + d \le C_1 + \sqrt{d} ≤C1+d
= a 0 + 1 a 1 + d < d + 1 + d = 1 + 2 d = a_0 + \frac{1}{a_1} + \sqrt{d} < \sqrt{d} + 1 + \sqrt{d} = 1 + 2\sqrt{d} =a0+a11+d<d+1+d=1+2d
∴ ∀ k ∈ Z + ∪ { 0 } ∣ Q k ∣ < 1 + 2 d \therefore \forall_{k \in Z_+ \cup \{ 0 \}} |Q_k| < 1 + 2\sqrt{d} ∴∀k∈Z+∪{0}∣Qk∣<1+2d