hist from pyplot.py
# Autogenerated by boilerplate.py. Do not edit as changes will be lost.
@docstring.copy(Axes.hist)
def hist(
x, bins=None, range=None, density=None, weights=None,
cumulative=False, bottom=None, histtype='bar', align='mid',
orientation='vertical', rwidth=None, log=False, color=None,
label=None, stacked=False, normed=None, *, data=None,
**kwargs):
return gca().hist(
x, bins=bins, range=range, density=density, weights=weights,
cumulative=cumulative, bottom=bottom, histtype=histtype,
align=align, orientation=orientation, rwidth=rwidth, log=log,
color=color, label=label, stacked=stacked, normed=normed,
**({"data": data} if data is not None else {}), **kwargs)
hist from pyplot.py
#### Data analysis
@_preprocess_data(replace_names=["x", 'weights'], label_namer="x")
def hist(self, x, bins=None, range=None, density=None, weights=None,
cumulative=False, bottom=None, histtype='bar', align='mid',
orientation='vertical', rwidth=None, log=False,
color=None, label=None, stacked=False, normed=None,
**kwargs):
"""
Plot a histogram. 绘制直方图。
Compute and draw the histogram of *x*. The return value is a tuple
(*n*, *bins*, *patches*) or ([*n0*, *n1*, ...], *bins*, [*patches0*,
*patches1*,...]) if the input contains multiple data. See the
documentation of the *weights* parameter to draw a histogram of
already-binned data.
计算并绘制* x *的直方图。
返回值是元组（* n *，* bins *，* patches *）或（[* n0 *，* n1 *，...]，* bins *，
[* patches0 *，* patches1 * .. 。]）
（如果输入包含多个数据）。 请参阅* weights *参数的文档以绘制已合并数据的直方图。
Multiple data can be provided via *x* as a list of datasets
of potentially different length ([*x0*, *x1*, ...]), or as
a 2-D ndarray in which each column is a dataset. Note that
the ndarray form is transposed relative to the list form.
可以通过* x *提供多个数据，这些数据可以作为长度可能不同的数据集的列表（[* x0 *，* x1 *，...]），
也可以作为二维数组，其中每列都是一个数据集。 请注意，ndarray形式是相对于列表形式进行转置的。
Masked arrays are not supported at present. 目前不支持掩码数组。
Parameters
----------
x : (n,) array or sequence of (n,) arrays
Input values, this takes either a single array or a sequence of
arrays which are not required to be of the same length.
（n，）个数组或（n，）个数组序列输入值，它可以是单个数组或不需要相同长度的数组序列。
bins : int or sequence or str, optional
If an integer is given, ``bins + 1`` bin edges are calculated and
returned, consistent with `numpy.histogram`.
int或sequence或str，可选如果给出整数，则将计算bins + 1bin边并返回，
与`numpy.histogram`一致。
If `bins` is a sequence, gives bin edges, including left edge of
first bin and right edge of last bin. In this case, `bins` is
returned unmodified.
如果`bins'是一个序列，则给出bin边缘，包括第一个bin的左边缘和最后一个bin的右边缘。
在这种情况下，`bins`会原样返回。
All but the last (righthand-most) bin is half-open. In other
words, if `bins` is::
除了最后一个（最右边）的bin外，其他所有bin都是半开的。 换句话说，如果bins是：
[1, 2, 3, 4]
then the first bin is ``[1, 2)`` (including 1, but excluding 2) and
the second ``[2, 3)``. The last bin, however, is ``[3, 4]``, which
*includes* 4.
那么第一个bin是``[1，2）''（包括1，但不包括2）和第二个``[2，3）''。
但是，最后一个bin是“ [3，4]”，*包括* 4。
Unequally spaced bins are supported if *bins* is a sequence.
如果* bins *是序列，则支持不等间距的bin。
With Numpy 1.11 or newer, you can alternatively provide a string
describing a binning strategy, such as 'auto', 'sturges', 'fd',
'doane', 'scott', 'rice' or 'sqrt', see
`numpy.histogram`.
The default is taken from :rc:`hist.bins`.
range : tuple or None, optional
The lower and upper range of the bins. Lower and upper outliers
are ignored. If not provided, *range* is ``(x.min(), x.max())``.
Range has no effect if *bins* is a sequence.
If *bins* is a sequence or *range* is specified, autoscaling
is based on the specified bin range instead of the
range of x.
Default is ``None``
density : bool, optional
If ``True``, the first element of the return tuple will
be the counts normalized to form a probability density, i.e.,
the area (or integral) under the histogram will sum to 1.
This is achieved by dividing the count by the number of
observations times the bin width and not dividing by the total
number of observations. If *stacked* is also ``True``, the sum of
the histograms is normalized to 1.
Default is ``None`` for both *normed* and *density*. If either is
set, then that value will be used. If neither are set, then the
args will be treated as ``False``.
If both *density* and *normed* are set an error is raised.
weights : (n, ) array_like or None, optional
An array of weights, of the same shape as *x*. Each value in *x*
only contributes its associated weight towards the bin count
(instead of 1). If *normed* or *density* is ``True``,
the weights are normalized, so that the integral of the density
over the range remains 1.
Default is ``None``.
This parameter can be used to draw a histogram of data that has
already been binned, e.g. using `np.histogram` (by treating each
bin as a single point with a weight equal to its count) ::
counts, bins = np.histogram(data)
plt.hist(bins[:-1], bins, weights=counts)
(or you may alternatively use `~.bar()`).
cumulative : bool, optional
If ``True``, then a histogram is computed where each bin gives the
counts in that bin plus all bins for smaller values. The last bin
gives the total number of datapoints. If *normed* or *density*
is also ``True`` then the histogram is normalized such that the
last bin equals 1. If *cumulative* evaluates to less than 0
(e.g., -1), the direction of accumulation is reversed.
In this case, if *normed* and/or *density* is also ``True``, then
the histogram is normalized such that the first bin equals 1.
Default is ``False``
bottom : array_like, scalar, or None
Location of the bottom baseline of each bin. If a scalar,
the base line for each bin is shifted by the same amount.
If an array, each bin is shifted independently and the length
of bottom must match the number of bins. If None, defaults to 0.
Default is ``None``
histtype : {'bar', 'barstacked', 'step', 'stepfilled'}, optional
The type of histogram to draw.
- 'bar' is a traditional bar-type histogram. If multiple data
are given the bars are arranged side by side.
- 'barstacked' is a bar-type histogram where multiple
data are stacked on top of each other.
- 'step' generates a lineplot that is by default
unfilled.
- 'stepfilled' generates a lineplot that is by default
filled.
Default is 'bar'
align : {'left', 'mid', 'right'}, optional
Controls how the histogram is plotted.
- 'left': bars are centered on the left bin edges.
- 'mid': bars are centered between the bin edges.
- 'right': bars are centered on the right bin edges.
Default is 'mid'
orientation : {'horizontal', 'vertical'}, optional
If 'horizontal', `~matplotlib.pyplot.barh` will be used for
bar-type histograms and the *bottom* kwarg will be the left edges.
rwidth : scalar or None, optional
The relative width of the bars as a fraction of the bin width. If
``None``, automatically compute the width.
Ignored if *histtype* is 'step' or 'stepfilled'.
Default is ``None``
log : bool, optional
If ``True``, the histogram axis will be set to a log scale. If
*log* is ``True`` and *x* is a 1D array, empty bins will be
filtered out and only the non-empty ``(n, bins, patches)``
will be returned.
Default is ``False``
color : color or array_like of colors or None, optional
Color spec or sequence of color specs, one per dataset. Default
(``None``) uses the standard line color sequence.
Default is ``None``
label : str or None, optional
String, or sequence of strings to match multiple datasets. Bar
charts yield multiple patches per dataset, but only the first gets
the label, so that the legend command will work as expected.
default is ``None``
stacked : bool, optional
If ``True``, multiple data are stacked on top of each other If
``False`` multiple data are arranged side by side if histtype is
'bar' or on top of each other if histtype is 'step'
Default is ``False``
normed : bool, optional
Deprecated; use the density keyword argument instead.
Returns
-------
n : array or list of arrays
The values of the histogram bins. See *density* and *weights* for a
description of the possible semantics. If input *x* is an array,
then this is an array of length *nbins*. If input is a sequence of
arrays ``[data1, data2,..]``, then this is a list of arrays with
the values of the histograms for each of the arrays in the same
order. The dtype of the array *n* (or of its element arrays) will
always be float even if no weighting or normalization is used.
bins : array
The edges of the bins. Length nbins + 1 (nbins left edges and right
edge of last bin). Always a single array even when multiple data
sets are passed in.
patches : list or list of lists
Silent list of individual patches used to create the histogram
or list of such list if multiple input datasets.
Other Parameters
----------------
**kwargs : `~matplotlib.patches.Patch` properties
See also
--------
hist2d : 2D histograms
"""
# Avoid shadowing the builtin.
bin_range = range
from builtins import range
if np.isscalar(x):
x = [x]
if bins is None:
bins = rcParams['hist.bins']
# Validate string inputs here so we don't have to clutter
# subsequent code.
if histtype not in ['bar', 'barstacked', 'step', 'stepfilled']:
raise ValueError("histtype %s is not recognized" % histtype)
if align not in ['left', 'mid', 'right']:
raise ValueError("align kwarg %s is not recognized" % align)
if orientation not in ['horizontal', 'vertical']:
raise ValueError(
"orientation kwarg %s is not recognized" % orientation)
if histtype == 'barstacked' and not stacked:
stacked = True
if density is not None and normed is not None:
raise ValueError("kwargs 'density' and 'normed' cannot be used "
"simultaneously. "
"Please only use 'density', since 'normed'"
"is deprecated.")
if normed is not None:
cbook.warn_deprecated("2.1", name="'normed'", obj_type="kwarg",
alternative="'density'", removal="3.1")
# basic input validation
input_empty = np.size(x) == 0
# Massage 'x' for processing.
x = cbook._reshape_2D(x, 'x')
nx = len(x) # number of datasets
# Process unit information
# Unit conversion is done individually on each dataset
self._process_unit_info(xdata=x[0], kwargs=kwargs)
x = [self.convert_xunits(xi) for xi in x]
if bin_range is not None:
bin_range = self.convert_xunits(bin_range)
# We need to do to 'weights' what was done to 'x'
if weights is not None:
w = cbook._reshape_2D(weights, 'weights')
else:
w = [None] * nx
if len(w) != nx:
raise ValueError('weights should have the same shape as x')
for xi, wi in zip(x, w):
if wi is not None and len(wi) != len(xi):
raise ValueError(
'weights should have the same shape as x')
if color is None:
color = [self._get_lines.get_next_color() for i in range(nx)]
else:
color = mcolors.to_rgba_array(color)
if len(color) != nx:
error_message = (
"color kwarg must have one color per data set. %d data "
"sets and %d colors were provided" % (nx, len(color)))
raise ValueError(error_message)
hist_kwargs = dict()
# if the bin_range is not given, compute without nan numpy
# does not do this for us when guessing the range (but will
# happily ignore nans when computing the histogram).
if bin_range is None:
xmin = np.inf
xmax = -np.inf
for xi in x:
if len(xi):
# python's min/max ignore nan,
# np.minnan returns nan for all nan input
xmin = min(xmin, np.nanmin(xi))
xmax = max(xmax, np.nanmax(xi))
# make sure we have seen at least one non-nan and finite
# value before we reset the bin range
if not np.isnan([xmin, xmax]).any() and not (xmin > xmax):
bin_range = (xmin, xmax)
# If bins are not specified either explicitly or via range,
# we need to figure out the range required for all datasets,
# and supply that to np.histogram.
if not input_empty and len(x) > 1:
if weights is not None:
_w = np.concatenate(w)
else:
_w = None
bins = histogram_bin_edges(np.concatenate(x),
bins, bin_range, _w)
else:
hist_kwargs['range'] = bin_range
density = bool(density) or bool(normed)
if density and not stacked:
hist_kwargs['density'] = density
# List to store all the top coordinates of the histograms
tops = []
mlast = None
# Loop through datasets
for i in range(nx):
# this will automatically overwrite bins,
# so that each histogram uses the same bins
m, bins = np.histogram(x[i], bins, weights=w[i], **hist_kwargs)
m = m.astype(float) # causes problems later if it's an int
if mlast is None:
mlast = np.zeros(len(bins)-1, m.dtype)
if stacked:
m += mlast
mlast[:] = m
tops.append(m)
# If a stacked density plot, normalize so the area of all the stacked
# histograms together is 1
if stacked and density:
db = np.diff(bins)
for m in tops:
m[:] = (m / db) / tops[-1].sum()
if cumulative:
slc = slice(None)
if isinstance(cumulative, Number) and cumulative < 0:
slc = slice(None, None, -1)
if density:
tops = [(m * np.diff(bins))[slc].cumsum()[slc] for m in tops]
else:
tops = [m[slc].cumsum()[slc] for m in tops]
patches = []
# Save autoscale state for later restoration; turn autoscaling
# off so we can do it all a single time at the end, instead
# of having it done by bar or fill and then having to be redone.
_saved_autoscalex = self.get_autoscalex_on()
_saved_autoscaley = self.get_autoscaley_on()
self.set_autoscalex_on(False)
self.set_autoscaley_on(False)
if histtype.startswith('bar'):
totwidth = np.diff(bins)
if rwidth is not None:
dr = np.clip(rwidth, 0, 1)
elif (len(tops) > 1 and
((not stacked) or rcParams['_internal.classic_mode'])):
dr = 0.8
else:
dr = 1.0
if histtype == 'bar' and not stacked:
width = dr * totwidth / nx
dw = width
boffset = -0.5 * dr * totwidth * (1 - 1 / nx)
elif histtype == 'barstacked' or stacked:
width = dr * totwidth
boffset, dw = 0.0, 0.0
if align == 'mid':
boffset += 0.5 * totwidth
elif align == 'right':
boffset += totwidth
if orientation == 'horizontal':
_barfunc = self.barh
bottom_kwarg = 'left'
else: # orientation == 'vertical'
_barfunc = self.bar
bottom_kwarg = 'bottom'
for m, c in zip(tops, color):
if bottom is None:
bottom = np.zeros(len(m))
if stacked:
height = m - bottom
else:
height = m
patch = _barfunc(bins[:-1]+boffset, height, width,
align='center', log=log,
color=c, **{bottom_kwarg: bottom})
patches.append(patch)
if stacked:
bottom[:] = m
boffset += dw
elif histtype.startswith('step'):
# these define the perimeter of the polygon
x = np.zeros(4 * len(bins) - 3)
y = np.zeros(4 * len(bins) - 3)
x[0:2*len(bins)-1:2], x[1:2*len(bins)-1:2] = bins, bins[:-1]
x[2*len(bins)-1:] = x[1:2*len(bins)-1][::-1]
if bottom is None:
bottom = np.zeros(len(bins) - 1)
y[1:2*len(bins)-1:2], y[2:2*len(bins):2] = bottom, bottom
y[2*len(bins)-1:] = y[1:2*len(bins)-1][::-1]
if log:
if orientation == 'horizontal':
self.set_xscale('log', nonposx='clip')
logbase = self.xaxis._scale.base
else: # orientation == 'vertical'
self.set_yscale('log', nonposy='clip')
logbase = self.yaxis._scale.base
# Setting a minimum of 0 results in problems for log plots
if np.min(bottom) > 0:
minimum = np.min(bottom)
elif density or weights is not None:
# For data that is normed to form a probability density,
# set to minimum data value / logbase
# (gives 1 full tick-label unit for the lowest filled bin)
ndata = np.array(tops)
minimum = (np.min(ndata[ndata > 0])) / logbase
else:
# For non-normed (density = False) data,
# set the min to 1 / log base,
# again so that there is 1 full tick-label unit
# for the lowest bin
minimum = 1.0 / logbase
y[0], y[-1] = minimum, minimum
else:
minimum = 0
if align == 'left':
x -= 0.5*(bins[1]-bins[0])
elif align == 'right':
x += 0.5*(bins[1]-bins[0])
# If fill kwarg is set, it will be passed to the patch collection,
# overriding this
fill = (histtype == 'stepfilled')
xvals, yvals = [], []
for m in tops:
if stacked:
# starting point for drawing polygon
y[0] = y[1]
# top of the previous polygon becomes the bottom
y[2*len(bins)-1:] = y[1:2*len(bins)-1][::-1]
# set the top of this polygon
y[1:2*len(bins)-1:2], y[2:2*len(bins):2] = (m + bottom,
m + bottom)
if log:
y[y < minimum] = minimum
if orientation == 'horizontal':
xvals.append(y.copy())
yvals.append(x.copy())
else:
xvals.append(x.copy())
yvals.append(y.copy())
# stepfill is closed, step is not
split = -1 if fill else 2 * len(bins)
# add patches in reverse order so that when stacking,
# items lower in the stack are plotted on top of
# items higher in the stack
for x, y, c in reversed(list(zip(xvals, yvals, color))):
patches.append(self.fill(
x[:split], y[:split],
closed=True if fill else None,
facecolor=c,
edgecolor=None if fill else c,
fill=fill if fill else None))
for patch_list in patches:
for patch in patch_list:
if orientation == 'vertical':
patch.sticky_edges.y.append(minimum)
elif orientation == 'horizontal':
patch.sticky_edges.x.append(minimum)
# we return patches, so put it back in the expected order
patches.reverse()
self.set_autoscalex_on(_saved_autoscalex)
self.set_autoscaley_on(_saved_autoscaley)
self.autoscale_view()
if label is None:
labels = [None]
elif isinstance(label, str):
labels = [label]
elif not np.iterable(label):
labels = [str(label)]
else:
labels = [str(lab) for lab in label]
for patch, lbl in itertools.zip_longest(patches, labels):
if patch:
p = patch[0]
p.update(kwargs)
if lbl is not None:
p.set_label(lbl)
for p in patch[1:]:
p.update(kwargs)
p.set_label('_nolegend_')
if nx == 1:
return tops[0], bins, cbook.silent_list('Patch', patches[0])
else:
return tops, bins, cbook.silent_list('Lists of Patches', patches)
示例：
参考文章：opencv python matplotlib.pyplot.hist() 如何绘制灰度直方图，如何根据灰度直方图确定最优二值化值
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