磁盘管理

一. 什么是磁盘以及MBR和GPT的区别

1. Linux所有设备都被抽象为一个文件，保存在/dev目录下，IDE设备的设备名称一般为hd[a-z]，SATA、SCSI、USB等设备为sd[a-z]。

2. 分区

不同的分区用：设备名称+分区号方式如：sda1、sdb1等，主流的分区机制分为MBR和GPT两种。

3. MBR（Master Boot Record）：主引导记录，应用于绝大多数使用BIOS的PC设备

其特点是：(1)支持32/64bit；(2)支持分区的数量有限；(3)只支持不超过2T的硬盘，大于2T的硬盘只能使用2T空间；(4)占用最开始的512字节，最后两个字节一定是55h、AAh（表示可引导）。

主分区：最多能创建4个

扩展分区：会占用一个主分区位置，本身不能使用，需要创建逻辑分区进行使用

逻辑分区：最多支持63个IDE分区和15个SCSI分区，前提是创建好扩展分区

4. GPT（GUIDE Partition Table）：全局唯一标识分区表，解决了MBR的很多缺点

(1)支持超过2T的磁盘

(2)向后兼容MBR

(3)必须在支持UEFI的硬件上才能使用

(4)必须使用64bit的操作系统

(5)Mac、linux系统都能支持GPT，Windows7 64位，WindowsServer2008 64位支持GPT

二.磁盘查看命令

fdisk -l                系统中的所有磁盘设备

df  -TH                系统正在挂载的磁盘设备

blkid                   系统可以挂载的磁盘设备id

三. 分区划分

fdisk /dev/vdb 

按m enter 进入帮助

Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag 
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition                                      删除分区
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l   list known partition types                           列出系统可用分区类型
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition                                  新建分区
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table21
   p   print the partition table                             显示分区
   q   quit without saving changes                      退出
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id                   修改分区功能id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit                       保存更改到分区表中
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

新建分区 fdisk /dev/vdb   ====> n

Command (m for help): n               新建分区
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)         分区类型为主分区
   e   extended                                                    分区类型为扩展分区
Select (default p):
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1                           主分区id
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):             此分区的起始位置
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +1G   分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size  1  GiB is set

Command (m for help): wq   ##保存并退出，只输入q则表示放弃更改退出
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

partprobe                          同步分区表
mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1             格式化
mount /dev/vdb1  /mnt        临时挂载

vim /etc/fstab                     永久挂载

mount -a    让 /etc/fstab挂载生效

删除分区

fdisk /dev/vdb 

先使用umount命令解除挂载
当因为正在使用都无法解除挂载的时候 先用 fuser -kvm  结束使用的进程 然后再解除挂载 然后用 fdisk /dev/vdb 指令删除分区

 

设置分区方式  mkdocs 与 gpt 互相转换

添加swap分区

[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 2
First sector (34-20971486, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971486, default 20971486): +4G
Created partition 2


Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt


#         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 2         2048      8390655      4G  Linux filesyste

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 2
Partition type (type L to list all types): l
  1 EFI System                     C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
  2 MBR partition scheme           024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F
  3 BIOS boot partition            21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649
  4 Microsoft reserved             E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
  5 Microsoft basic data           EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
  6 Microsoft LDM metadata         5808C8AA-7E8F-42E0-85D2-E1E90434CFB3
  7 Microsoft LDM data             AF9B60A0-1431-4F62-BC68-3311714A69AD
  8 Windows recovery evironmnet    DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC
  9 IBM General Parallel Fs        37AFFC90-EF7D-4E96-91C3-2D7AE055B174
 10 HP-UX data partition           75894C1E-3AEB-11D3-B7C1-7B03A0000000
 11 HP-UX service partition        E2A1E728-32E3-11D6-A682-7B03A0000000
 12 Linux filesystem               0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
 13 Linux RAID                     A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E
 14 Linux swap                     0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F
 15 Linux LVM                      E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928
 16 Linux reserved                 8DA63339-0007-60C0-C436-083AC8230908
 17 FreeBSD data                   516E7CB4-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 18 FreeBSD boot                   83BD6B9D-7F41-11DC-BE0B-001560B84F0F
 19 FreeBSD swap                   516E7CB5-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 20 FreeBSD UFS                    516E7CB6-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 21 FreeBSD ZFS                    516E7CBA-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 22 FreeBSD Vinum                  516E7CB8-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
 23 Apple HFS/HFS+                 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 24 Apple UFS                      55465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 25 Apple RAID                     52414944-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 26 Apple RAID offline             52414944-5F4F-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 27 Apple boot                     426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 28 Apple label                    4C616265-6C00-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 29 Apple TV recovery              5265636F-7665-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 30 Apple Core storage             53746F72-6167-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
 31 Solaris boot                   6A82CB45-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 32 Solaris root                   6A85CF4D-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 33 Solaris /usr & Apple ZFS       6A898CC3-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 34 Solaris swap                   6A87C46F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 35 Solaris backup                 6A8B642B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 36 Solaris /var                   6A8EF2E9-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 37 Solaris /home                  6A90BA39-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 38 Solaris alternate sector       6A9283A5-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 39 Solaris reserved 1             6A945A3B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 40 Solaris reserved 2             6A9630D1-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 41 Solaris reserved 3             6A980767-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 42 Solaris reserved 4             6A96237F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 43 Solaris reserved 5             6A8D2AC7-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
 44 NetBSD swap                    49F48D32-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 45 NetBSD FFS                     49F48D5A-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 46 NetBSD LFS                     49F48D82-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 47 NetBSD concatenated            2DB519C4-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 48 NetBSD encrypted               2DB519EC-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 49 NetBSD RAID                    49F48DAA-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
 50 ChromeOS kernel                FE3A2A5D-4F32-41A7-B725-ACCC3285A309
 51 ChromeOS root fs               3CB8E202-3B7E-47DD-8A3C-7FF2A13CFCEC
 52 ChromeOS reserved              2E0A753D-9E48-43B0-8337-B15192CB1B5E
 53 MidnightBSD data               85D5E45A-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 54 MidnightBSD boot               85D5E45E-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 55 MidnightBSD swap               85D5E45B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 56 MidnightBSD UFS                0394Ef8B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 57 MidnightBSD ZFS                85D5E45D-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
 58 MidnightBSD Vinum              85D5E45C-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7

Partition type (type L to list all types): 14
Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux swap'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt


#         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 2         2048      8390655      4G  Linux swap      

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost Desktop]# 

更改gpt下的swap 为mkdos下的swap

用文件来添加swap

dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1000    创建一个1G大小的文件
mkswap /swapfile                                                格式化为swap类型
swapon -a /swapfile                                             临时添加到swap里
-p + 数字                                                            更改优先级
vim /etc/fstab                                                      永久添加swap分区
类型：
/swapfile    swap  swap  defaults,pri=1  0 0    pri优先级

删除swap
vim /etc/fstab                                删除此文件中添加的swap行
swapoff /swapfile                          断开swap文件链接
swapoff /dev/vdb1                         断开swap磁盘链接
rm -rf /swapfile                             删除文件
fdisk /dev/vdb                               删除磁盘分区
partprobe                                     同步分区表