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> Go入门(三)之自定义函数、匿名函数、闭包、defer、作用域
一、工程管理
1、工作区
(1)工作区介绍
(2)GOPATH设置
2、包
同一目录导入,package 包名相同
不同目录导入,package 包名不同,且函数必须首字母大写才能调用
import io "fmt" //起别名,fmt为io
import _ "fmt" //忽略,调用该包里面的init函数
二、复合类型
1、指针
(1)指针的基本操作
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var a int = 10
// 每个变量有2层含义: 变量的内存,变量的地址
fmt.Printf("a = %d\n", a) //变量的内存
fmt.Printf("&a = %v\n", &a)
// 保存某个变量的地址,需要指针类型 *int 保存int的地址, **int保存*int地址
//声明(定义), 定义只是特殊的声明
// 定义一个变量p,类型为*int
var p *int
p = &a //指针变量指向谁,就把谁的地址赋值给指针变量
fmt.Printf("p = %v, &a = %v\n", p, &a)
*p = 666 //*p操作的不是p的内存,是p所指向的内存即a
fmt.Printf("*p = %v, a = %v\n", *p, a)
}
结果:
a = 10
&a = 0xc0000120a0
p = 0xc0000120a0, &a = 0xc0000120a0
*p = 666, a = 666
(2)new
内存会自动回收
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var p *int
// p是*int,指向int类型
p = new(int)
*p = 666
fmt.Println("*p = ", *p)
q := new(int) // 自动推导类型
*q = 777
fmt.Println("*q = ", *q)
}
结果:
*p = 666
*q = 777
(3)值传递
package main
import "fmt"
func swap(a, b int) {
a, b = b, a
fmt.Printf("swap: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b)
}
func main() {
a, b := 10, 20
swap(a, b) // 变量本身传递
fmt.Printf("main: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b)
}
结果:
swap: a = 20, b = 10
main: a = 10, b = 20
(4)指针做函数参数
package main
import "fmt"
func swapP(p1, p2 *int) {
*p1, *p2 = *p2, *p1
}
func main() {
a, b := 10, 20
swapP(&a, &b) // 变量本身传递
fmt.Printf("main: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b)
}
结果:
main: a = 20, b = 10
2、数组
(1)数组初体验
数组个数必须是常量
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var id [5]int
for i := 0; i < len(id); i++ {
id[i] = i + 1
fmt.Printf("id[%d] = %d\n", i, id[i])
}
}
结果:
id[0] = 1
id[1] = 2
id[2] = 3
id[3] = 4
id[4] = 5
(2)数组的基本使用
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var a [5]int
a[0] = 1
i := 1
a[i] = 2 //a[1] = 2
fmt.Println("a = ", a)
for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
a[i] = i + 1
}
for i, data := range a {
fmt.Printf("a[%d] = %d\n", i, data)
}
}
结果:
a = [1 2 0 0 0]
a[0] = 1
a[1] = 2
a[2] = 3
a[3] = 4
a[4] = 5
(3)数组初始化
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
// 1、全部初始化
var a [5]int = [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
fmt.Println("a = ", a)
b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
fmt.Println("b = ", b)
// 2、部分初始化
c := [5]int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Println("c = ", c)
// 3、制定某个元素初始化
d := [5]int{2: 10, 4: 20}
fmt.Println("d = ", d)
}
结果:
a = [1 2 3 4 5]
b = [1 2 3 4 5]
c = [1 2 3 0 0]
d = [0 0 10 0 20]
(4)二维数组
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
// 有多少个[]就是多少维
// 有多少个[]就用多少个循环
var a [3][4]int
k := 0
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
for j := 0; j < 4; j++ {
k++
a[i][j] = k
fmt.Printf("a[%d][%d]= %d, ", i, j, a[i][j])
}
fmt.Printf("\n")
}
fmt.Println("a = ", a)
b := [3][4]int{{1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 7, 8}}
fmt.Println("b = ", b)
c := [3][4]int{1: {1, 2, 3, 4}}
fmt.Println("c = ", c)
}
结果:
a[0][0]= 1, a[0][1]= 2, a[0][2]= 3, a[0][3]= 4,
a[1][0]= 5, a[1][1]= 6, a[1][2]= 7, a[1][3]= 8,
a[2][0]= 9, a[2][1]= 10, a[2][2]= 11, a[2][3]= 12,
a = [[1 2 3 4] [5 6 7 8] [9 10 11 12]]
b = [[1 2 3 4] [5 7 8 0] [0 0 0 0]]
c = [[0 0 0 0] [1 2 3 4] [0 0 0 0]]
(5)数组比较和赋值
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
// 支持比较,只支持 == 或 !=
a := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
c := [5]int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Println("a == b", a == b)
fmt.Println("a == c", a == c)
// 同类型的数组可以赋值
var d [5]int
d = a
fmt.Println("d = ", d)
}
结果:
a == b true
a == c false
d = [1 2 3 4 5]
(6)随机数的使用
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
// 设置种子,只需要一次
// 如果种子参数一样,每次运行程序产生的随机数都一样
// rand.Seed(666)
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) //以当前时间为种子参数
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
// 产生随机数
fmt.Println("rand.Int = ", rand.Int()) //数会很大
fmt.Println("rand.Intn = ", rand.Intn(100)) //限制在100以内
}
}
结果:
rand.Int = 2185808407492445800
rand.Intn = 98
rand.Int = 4415649623385332937
rand.Intn = 6
rand.Int = 4014809768838185153
rand.Intn = 85
rand.Int = 3306828027594439067
rand.Intn = 74
rand.Int = 7867276672125053313
rand.Intn = 91
(7)冒泡排序
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
var a [10]int
n := len(a)
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
a[i] = rand.Intn(100)
}
fmt.Println("a = ", a)
for i := 0; i < n-1; i++ {
for j := 0; j < n-1-i; j++ {
if a[j] > a[j+1] {
a[j], a[j+1] = a[j+1], a[j]
}
}
}
fmt.Println("排序后a = ", a)
}
结果:
a = [23 29 87 84 82 67 95 59 39 14]
排序后a = [14 23 29 39 59 67 82 84 87 95]
(8)数组做函数参数
package main
import "fmt"
// 数组做函数参数,它是值传递
func modify(a [5]int) {
a[0] = 666
fmt.Println("modify: a = ", a)
}
func main() {
a := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
modify(a)
fmt.Println("main: a = ", a)
}
结果:
modify: a = [666 2 3 4 5]
main: a = [1 2 3 4 5]
(9)数组指针做函数参数
package main
import "fmt"
// 数组做函数参数,它是值传递
func modify(p *[5]int) {
(*p)[0] = 666
fmt.Println("modify: *a = ", *p)
}
func main() {
a := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
modify(&a) //地址传递
fmt.Println("main: a = ", a)
}
结果:
modify: *a = [666 2 3 4 5]
main: a = [666 2 3 4 5]
3、slice
(1)切片的长度和容量
长度和容量:
array := [...]int{10, 20, 30, 0, 0}
slice := array[0:3:5]
[low:high:max]
low::下标得七点
high:下标得重点(不包括此下标),a[a[low], a[high])左闭右开
len = high - low(长度)
cap = max - low(容量)
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
a := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
s := a[0:3:5]
fmt.Println("s = ", s)
fmt.Println("len(s) = ", len(s))
fmt.Println("cap(s) = ", cap(s))
fmt.Println("-----------")
s = a[1:4:5]
fmt.Println("s = ", s)
fmt.Println("len(s) = ", len(s))
fmt.Println("cap(s) = ", cap(s))
}
结果:
s = [1 2 3]
len(s) = 3
cap(s) = 5
-----------
s = [2 3 4]
len(s) = 3
cap(s) = 4
(2)切片和数组区别
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
// 切换和数组得区别
// 1、数组[]里面得长度是常量
a := [5]int{}
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(a), cap(a))
// 2、切片, []里面为空,或者为...,切片得长度和容量可以不固定
s := []int{}
fmt.Printf("slice len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s), cap(s))
s = append(s, 11) //末尾添加
fmt.Printf("append: len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s), cap(s))
}
结果:
len = 5, cap = 5
slice len = 0, cap = 0
append: len = 1, cap = 1
(3)切换创建
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
// 自动推导类型
s1 := []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
fmt.Println("s1 = ", s1)
// 借助make函数,格式make(slice, len, cap)
s2 := make([]int, 5, 10)
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s2), cap(s2))
// 没有指定容量,容量和长度一样
s3 := make([]int, 5)
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s3), cap(s3))
}
结果:
s1 = [1 2 3 4]
len = 5, cap = 10
len = 5, cap = 5
(4)切片截取
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
array := []int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
// [low:high:max] 去下标从low开始得元素,len=high-low,cap=max-low
s1 := array[:] //[0:len(array):len(array)]
fmt.Println("s1 = ", s1)
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s1), cap(s1))
// 操作某个元素,和数组操作方式一样
data := array[1]
fmt.Println("data = ", data)
s2 := array[3:6:7]
fmt.Println("s2 = ", s2)
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s2), cap(s2))
s3 := array[:6] //从0开始取6个元素,容量也是6
fmt.Println("s3 = ", s3)
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s3), cap(s3))
s4 := array[3:] //从3开始到结尾
fmt.Println("s4 = ", s4)
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s4), cap(s4))
}
结果:
s1 = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
len = 10, cap = 10
data = 1
s2 = [3 4 5]
len = 3, cap = 4
s3 = [0 1 2 3 4 5]
len = 6, cap = 10
s4 = [3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
len = 7, cap = 7
(5)切片和底层数组关系
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
a := []int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
// 新切片
s1 := a[2:5] //从a[2]开始,取3个元素
s1[1] = 666
fmt.Println("s1 = ", s1)
fmt.Println("a = ", a)
//新切片
s2 := s1[2:7]
s2[2] = 777
fmt.Println("s2 = ", s2)
fmt.Println("a = ", a)
}
结果:
s1 = [2 666 4]
a = [0 1 2 666 4 5 6 7 8 9]
s2 = [4 5 777 7 8]
a = [0 1 2 666 4 5 777 7 8 9]
(6)append函数
<1> append函数的使用
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
s1 := []int{}
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s1), cap(s1))
fmt.Println("s1 = ", s1)
// 在原切片的末尾添加元素
s1 = append(s1, 1)
s1 = append(s1, 2)
s1 = append(s1, 3)
fmt.Printf("len = %d, cap = %d\n", len(s1), cap(s1))
fmt.Println("s1 = ", s1)
s2 := []int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Println("s2 = ", s2)
s2 = append(s2, 5)
s2 = append(s2, 5)
s2 = append(s2, 5)
fmt.Println("s2 = ", s2)
}
结果:
len = 0, cap = 0
s1 = []
len = 3, cap = 4
s1 = [1 2 3]
s2 = [1 2 3]
s2 = [1 2 3 5 5 5]
<2> append扩容特点
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
// 如果超过原来的容量,通常以2倍容量扩容
s := make([]int, 0, 1) //容量为1
oldCap := cap(s)
for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
s = append(s, i)
if newCap := cap(s); oldCap < newCap {
fmt.Printf("cap: %d ==> %d\n", oldCap, newCap)
oldCap = newCap
}
}
}
结果:
cap: 1 ==> 2
cap: 2 ==> 4
cap: 4 ==> 8
(7)copy的使用
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
srcSlice := []int{1, 2}
dstSlice := []int{6, 6, 6, 6, 6}
copy(dstSlice, srcSlice)
fmt.Println("dst = ", dstSlice)
}
结果:
dst = [1 2 6 6 6]
(8)切片做函数参数
package main
import "fmt"
func BubblerSort(s []int) {
n := len(s)
for i := 0; i < n-1; i++ {
for j := 0; j < n-1-i; j++ {
if s[j] > s[j+1] {
s[j], s[j+1] = s[j+1], s[j]
}
}
}
}
func main() {
s := []int{8, 20, 3, 5, 7}
BubblerSort(s)
fmt.Println("s = ", s)
}
结果:
s = [3 5 7 8 20]
(9)猜数字游戏
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func CreatNum(p *int) {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
var num int
for {
num = rand.Intn(10000)
if num >= 1000 {
break
}
}
*p = num
}
func GetNum(s []int, num int) {
s[0] = num / 1000
s[1] = num % 1000 / 100
s[2] = num % 100 / 10
s[3] = num % 10
}
func OnGame(randSlice []int) {
var num int
keySlice := make([]int, 4)
for {
for {
fmt.Printf("请输入一个四位数:")
fmt.Scan(&num)
if 999 < num && num < 10000 {
break
}
fmt.Printf("你输入的数不符合要求\n")
}
GetNum(keySlice, num)
fmt.Println("keySlice = ", keySlice)
n := 0
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
if keySlice[i] > randSlice[i] {
fmt.Printf("第%d位大了一点\n", i+1)
} else if keySlice[i] < randSlice[i] {
fmt.Printf("第%d位小了一点\n", i+1)
} else {
fmt.Printf("第%d位猜对了\n", i+1)
n++
}
}
if n == 4 {
fmt.Printf("全部猜对")
break
}
}
}
func main() {
var randNum int
// 生成随机四位数
CreatNum(&randNum)
fmt.Println("randNum = ", randNum)
randSlice := make([]int, 4)
// 保存4位数的每一位
GetNum(randSlice, randNum)
fmt.Println("s = ", randSlice)
OnGame(randSlice)
}
4、map
map(映射、字典)是一种内置的数据结构,它是一种无序的key-value对的集合且是无序的
map格式为:map[keyType]valueType
(1)map的基本使用
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var m1 map[int]string
fmt.Println("m1 = ", m1)
// 对于map只有len,没有cap
fmt.Println("len = ", len(m1))
// 可以用过make创建
m2 := make(map[int]string)
fmt.Println("m2 = ", m2)
fmt.Println("len = ", len(m2))
// 可以通过make创建,可以指定长度
m3 := make(map[int]string, 10)
m3[1] = "wielun"
fmt.Println("m3 = ", m3)
fmt.Println("len = ", len(m3))
//初始化
m4 := map[int]string{1: "mike", 2: "go"}
fmt.Println("m4 = ", m4)
}
结果:
m1 = map[]
len = 0
m2 = map[]
len = 0
m3 = map[1:wielun]
len = 1
m4 = map[1:mike 2:go]
(2)map赋值
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
m1 := map[int]string{1: "wielun", 2: "go"}
fmt.Println("m1 = ", m1)
m1[2] = "hello go"
fmt.Println("m1 = ", m1)
m1[3] = "hello wielun"
fmt.Println("m1 = ", m1)
}
结果:
m1 = map[1:wielun 2:go]
m1 = map[1:wielun 2:hello go]
m1 = map[1:wielun 2:hello go 3:hello wielun]
(3)map遍历
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
m := map[int]string{1: "wielun", 2: "hello wielun", 3: "hello world"}
// 遍历的结果是无序的
for key, value := range m {
fmt.Printf("%d ==> %s\n", key, value)
}
// 判断key值是否存在
// ok为key是否存在的条件
value, ok := m[0]
if ok == true {
fmt.Println("m[1] = ", value)
} else {
fmt.Printf("key不存在")
}
}
结果:
1 ==> wielun
2 ==> hello wielun
3 ==> hello world
key不存在
(4)map删除
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
m := map[int]string{1: "wielun", 2: "hello wielun", 3: "hello world"}
delete(m, 1) //删除key为1的内容
fmt.Println("m = ", m)
}
结果:
m = map[2:hello wielun 3:hello world]
(5)map做函数参数
package main
import "fmt"
func test(m map[int]string) {
delete(m, 1)
}
func main() {
m := map[int]string{1: "wielun", 2: "hello wielun", 3: "hello world"}
test(m)
fmt.Println("m = ", m)
}
结果:
m = map[2:hello wielun 3:hello world]
5、结构体
如果想使用别的包的函数、结构体类型、结构体成员
函数名,类型名,结构体成员变量名,首字母必须大写
(1)结构体普通变量初始化
package main
import "fmt"
// 定义一个结构体类型
type Student struct {
id int
name string
sex byte // 字符类型
age int
addr string
}
func main() {
// 顺序初始化,每个成员必须初始化
var s1 Student = Student{1, "mike", 'm', 18, "bj"}
fmt.Println("s1 = ", s1)
// 制定成员初始化,没有初始化的成员,自动赋值为0
s2 := Student{name: "mike", addr: "bj"}
fmt.Println("s2 = ", s2)
}
结果:
s1 = {1 mike 109 18 bj}
s2 = {0 mike 0 0 bj}
(2)结构体指针变量初始化
package main
import "fmt"
// 定义一个结构体类型
type Student struct {
id int
name string
sex byte // 字符类型
age int
addr string
}
func main() {
// 顺序初始化,每个成员必须初始化
var p1 *Student = &Student{1, "mike", 'm', 18, "bj"}
fmt.Println("*p1 = ", *p1)
fmt.Println("p1 = ", p1)
// 制定成员初始化,没有初始化的成员,自动赋值为0
p2 := &Student{name: "mike", addr: "bj"}
fmt.Println("*p2 = ", *p2)
fmt.Println("p2 = ", p2)
}
结果:
*p1 = {1 mike 109 18 bj}
p1 = &{1 mike 109 18 bj}
*p2 = {0 mike 0 0 bj}
p2 = &{0 mike 0 0 bj}
(3)结构体成员的使用(普通变量)
package main
import "fmt"
// 定义一个结构体类型
type Student struct {
id int
name string
sex byte // 字符类型
age int
addr string
}
func main() {
var s Student
// 操作成员,需要使用(.)运算符
s.id = 1
s.name = "wielun"
s.sex = 'm'
s.age = 18
s.addr = "bj"
fmt.Println("s = ", s)
}
结果:
s = {1 wielun 109 18 bj}
(4)结构体成员的使用(指针变量)
package main
import "fmt"
// 定义一个结构体类型
type Student struct {
id int
name string
sex byte // 字符类型
age int
addr string
}
func main() {
// 1、指针有合法指向后,才操作成员
// 先定义一个普通结构体变量
var s Student
// 在定义一个指针变量,保存s的地址
var p1 *Student
p1 = &s
// 通过指针操作成员 p1.id和(*p1).id完全等价,只能使用.运算符
p1.id = 18
(*p1).name = "mike"
p1.sex = 'm'
p1.age = 18
p1.addr = "bj"
fmt.Println("p1 = ", p1)
// 2、通过new申请一个结构体
p2 := new(Student)
p2.id = 18
p2.name = "mike"
p2.sex = 'm'
p2.age = 18
p2.addr = "bj"
fmt.Println("p2 = ", p2)
}
结果:
p1 = &{18 mike 109 18 bj}
p2 = &{18 mike 109 18 bj}
(5)结构体比较和赋值
package main
import "fmt"
// 定义一个结构体类型
type Student struct {
id int
name string
sex byte // 字符类型
age int
addr string
}
func main() {
s1 := Student{1, "mike", 'm', 18, "bj"}
s2 := Student{1, "mike", 'm', 18, "bj"}
s3 := Student{2, "mike", 'm', 18, "bj"}
fmt.Println("s1 == s2", s1 == s2)
fmt.Println("s1 == s3", s1 == s3)
// 同类型的2个结构体变量可以互相赋值
var tmp Student
tmp = s3
fmt.Println("tmp = ", tmp)
}
结果:
s1 == s2 true
s1 == s3 false
tmp = {2 mike 109 18 bj}
(6)结构体作为函数参数(值传递)
package main
import "fmt"
// 定义一个结构体类型
type Student struct {
id int
name string
sex byte // 字符类型
age int
addr string
}
func test01(s Student) {
s.id = 666
fmt.Println("test01: ", s)
}
func main() {
s := Student{1, "mike", 'm', 18, "bj"}
test01(s) //值传递,形参无法改实参
fmt.Println("main: ", s)
}
结果:
test01: {666 mike 109 18 bj}
main: {1 mike 109 18 bj}
(7)结构体作为函数参数(地址传递)
package main
import "fmt"
// 定义一个结构体类型
type Student struct {
id int
name string
sex byte // 字符类型
age int
addr string
}
func test02(p *Student) {
p.id = 666
fmt.Println("test01: ", p)
}
func main() {
s := Student{1, "mike", 'm', 18, "bj"}
test02(&s) //地址传递,形参可以传递
fmt.Println("main: ", s)
}
结果:
test01: &{666 mike 109 18 bj}
main: {666 mike 109 18 bj}
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