string类用法

构造函数：

  std::string s0 ("Initial string");

  // constructors used in the same order as described above:
  std::string s1;
  std::string s2 (s0);
  std::string s3 (s0, 8, 3);//注意位置信息使用的是常量，不是迭代器。
  std::string s4 ("A character sequence");
  std::string s5 ("Another character sequence", 12);
  std::string s6a (10, 'x');
  std::string s6b (10, 42);      // 42 is the ASCII code for '*'
  std::string s7 (s0.begin(), s0.begin()+7);

s1: 
s2: Initial string
s3: str
s4: A character sequence
s5: Another char
s6a: xxxxxxxxxx
s6b: **********
s7: Initial

赋值运算符重载（operator=）：

string (1)	string& operator= (const string& str);
c-string (2)	string& operator= (const char* s);
character (3)	string& operator= (char c);
initializer list (4)	string& operator= (initializer_list<char> il);
move (5)	string& operator= (string&& str) noexcept;

  std::string str1, str2, str3;
  str1 = "Test string: ";   // c-string
  str2 = 'x';               // single character
  str3 = str1 + str2;       // string

迭代器：

跟vector的迭代器一样，反向和常量迭代器。

 

容量：

size,length,max_size,resize,capacity,reserve,clear,empty,shrink_to_fit;

与vector相比多了一个length方法，与size完全一样。

 

元素访问：

operator[], at, back, front

注意str.back() 和 str.front 是左值，可以在等号左边，也可以在右边。

 

修改：

operator+= (注意与非成员函数operator+的区别)

  std::string name ("John");
  std::string family ("Smith");
  name += " K. ";         // c-string
  name += family;         // string
  name += '\n';           // character

append (通过尾部追加额外的字符来扩展原string)

  std::string str;
  std::string str2="Writing ";
  std::string str3="print 10 and then 5 more";

  // used in the same order as described above:
  str.append(str2);                       // "Writing "
  str.append(str3,6,3);                   // "10 "
  str.append("dots are cool",5);          // "dots "
  str.append("here: ");                   // "here: "
  str.append(10u,'.');                    // ".........."
  str.append(str3.begin()+8,str3.end());  // " and then 5 more"
  str.append<int>(5,0x2E);                // "....."

  std::cout << str << '\n';Writing 10 dots here: .......... and then 5 more..... 

push_back 尾部添加一个字符，只接受char类型。pop_back删除字符串最后一个char.

void push_back (char c);

void pop_back();

 

assign 分配，通常是先定义空string A，然后通过assign将A分配为某一字符串。

 

insert 函数较多，输入参数可以是pos位置信息，也可以是迭代器；返回参数可以是迭代器，也可以是string。

string (1)	string& insert (size_t pos, const string& str);
substring (2)	string& insert (size_t pos, const string& str, size_t subpos, size_t sublen);
c-string (3)	string& insert (size_t pos, const char* s);
buffer (4)	string& insert (size_t pos, const char* s, size_t n);
fill (5)	string& insert (size_t pos, size_t n, char c); iterator insert (const_iterator p, size_t n, char c);
single character (6)	iterator insert (const_iterator p, char c);
range (7)	template <class InputIterator> iterator insert (iterator p, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
initializer list (8)	string& insert (const_iterator p, initializer_list<char> il);

  std::string str="to be question";
  std::string str2="the ";
  std::string str3="or not to be";
  std::string::iterator it;

  // used in the same order as described above:
  str.insert(6,str2);                 // to be (the )question
  str.insert(6,str3,3,4);             // to be (not )the question
  str.insert(10,"that is cool",8);    // to be not (that is )the question
  str.insert(10,"to be ");            // to be not (to be )that is the question
  str.insert(15,1,':');               // to be not to be(:) that is the question
  it = str.insert(str.begin()+5,','); // to be(,) not to be: that is the question
  str.insert (str.end(),3,'.');       // to be, not to be: that is the question(...)
  str.insert (it+2,str3.begin(),str3.begin()+3); // (or )

  std::cout << str << '\n';

erase 接受迭代器参数才返回迭代器参数，接受pos位置参数则返回修改后string。

sequence (1)	string& erase (size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos);
character (2)	iterator erase (const_iterator p);
range (3)	iterator erase (const_iterator first, const_iterator last);

  std::string str ("This is an example sentence.");
  std::cout << str << '\n';
                                           // "This is an example sentence."
  str.erase (10,8);                        //            ^^^^^^^^
  std::cout << str << '\n';
                                           // "This is an sentence."
  str.erase (str.begin()+9);               //           ^
  std::cout << str << '\n';
                                           // "This is a sentence."
  str.erase (str.begin()+5, str.end()-9);  //       ^^^^^
  std::cout << str << '\n';

replace 替换（返回值都是string&）

  std::string base="this is a test string.";
  std::string str2="n example";
  std::string str3="sample phrase";
  std::string str4="useful.";

  // replace signatures used in the same order as described above:

  // Using positions:                 0123456789*123456789*12345
  std::string str=base;           // "this is a test string."
  str.replace(9,5,str2);          // "this is an example string." (1)
  str.replace(19,6,str3,7,6);     // "this is an example phrase." (2)
  str.replace(8,10,"just a");     // "this is just a phrase."     (3)
  str.replace(8,6,"a shorty",7);  // "this is a short phrase."    (4)
  str.replace(22,1,3,'!');        // "this is a short phrase!!!"  (5)

  // Using iterators:                                               0123456789*123456789*
  str.replace(str.begin(),str.end()-3,str3);                    // "sample phrase!!!"      (1)
  str.replace(str.begin(),str.begin()+6,"replace");             // "replace phrase!!!"     (3)
  str.replace(str.begin()+8,str.begin()+14,"is coolness",7);    // "replace is cool!!!"    (4)
  str.replace(str.begin()+12,str.end()-4,4,'o');                // "replace is cooool!!!"  (5)
  str.replace(str.begin()+11,str.end(),str4.begin(),str4.end());// "replace is useful."    (6)

swap 交换

str1.swap(str2);

 

字符串操作：

c_str  提供string到C类型字符串的转换

const char* c_str() const noexcept;

copy 将当前string的部分拷贝到目的位置。

  char buffer[20];
  std::string str ("Test string...");
  std::size_t length = str.copy(buffer,6,5);
  buffer[length]='\0';
  std::cout << "buffer contains: " << buffer << '\n';

find 查找字符串或字符，并返回查找到的位置。注意std::string::npos(默认-1)这个常量表示未找到。rfind反向查找。

  std::string str ("There are two needles in this haystack with needles.");
  std::string str2 ("needle");

  // different member versions of find in the same order as above:
  std::size_t found = str.find(str2);
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "first 'needle' found at: " << found << '\n';

  found=str.find("needles are small",found+1,6);
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "second 'needle' found at: " << found << '\n';

  found=str.find("haystack");
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "'haystack' also found at: " << found << '\n';

  found=str.find('.');
  if (found!=std::string::npos)
    std::cout << "Period found at: " << found << '\n';

  // let's replace the first needle:
  str.replace(str.find(str2),str2.length(),"preposition");
  std::cout << str << '\n';

find_first_of 接受string或char，找到string第一个字符，其匹配输入参数中任意一个char.

find_last_of 找到最后一个匹配的位置。

find_first_not_of

find_last_not_of

  std::string str ("Please, replace the vowels in this sentence by asterisks.");
  std::size_t found = str.find_first_of("aeiou");//匹配其中任意一个
  while (found!=std::string::npos)
  {
    str[found]='*';
    found=str.find_first_of("aeiou",found+1);
  }

Pl**s*, r*pl*c* th* v*w*ls *n th*s s*nt*nc* by *st*r*sks.

 

substr 取出string的字串。接受的是pos位置参数。第一个表示位置，第二个人表示长度，都有默认参数。

string substr (size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos) const;

  std::string str="We think in generalities, but we live in details.";
                                           // (quoting Alfred N. Whitehead)

  std::string str2 = str.substr (3,5);     // "think"

  std::size_t pos = str.find("live");      // position of "live" in str

  std::string str3 = str.substr (pos);     // get from "live" to the end

compare 比较string与其参数字符序列是不是相等。返回值是int 判断是否等于0.

  std::string str1 ("green apple");
  std::string str2 ("red apple");

  if (str1.compare(str2) != 0)
    std::cout << str1 << " is not " << str2 << '\n';

  if (str1.compare(6,5,"apple") == 0)
    std::cout << "still, " << str1 << " is an apple\n";

  if (str2.compare(str2.size()-5,5,"apple") == 0)
    std::cout << "and " << str2 << " is also an apple\n";

  if (str1.compare(6,5,str2,4,5) == 0)
    std::cout << "therefore, both are apples\n";

 

非成员函数：

operator+

  std::string firstlevel ("com");
  std::string secondlevel ("cplusplus");
  std::string scheme ("http://");
  std::string hostname;
  std::string url;

  hostname = "www." + secondlevel + '.' + firstlevel;
  url = scheme + hostname;

==   !=   <   <=   >   >=

  std::string foo = "alpha";
  std::string bar = "beta";

  if (foo==bar) std::cout << "foo and bar are equal\n";
  if (foo!=bar) std::cout << "foo and bar are not equal\n";
  if (foo< bar) std::cout << "foo is less than bar\n";
  if (foo> bar) std::cout << "foo is greater than bar\n";
  if (foo<=bar) std::cout << "foo is less than or equal to bar\n";
  if (foo>=bar) std::cout << "foo is greater than or equal to bar\n";

swap 交换

swap(str1, str2);

 

<<   >>  输入输出重载

 

getline   注意区分cin.get(name, 20) 和cin.getline(name, 20)丢弃换行符。

  std::string name;
  std::cout << "Please, enter your full name: ";
  std::getline (std::cin,name);
  std::cout << "Hello, " << name << "!\n";