一个Linux程序如何跑起来

最新推荐文章于 2023-10-10 22:59:22 发布

zhangbaqing

最新推荐文章于 2023-10-10 22:59:22 发布

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分类专栏： Linux 文章标签：一个程序如何运行起来

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Eric_qiushui/article/details/89404024

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1. 一个`Linux`可执行程序如何产生？

 /*
 * filename: 01_helloWorld.c
 * */
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    printf("hello world\n");

    return 0;
}

预处理–预处理用于处理预处理命令，头文件的扩展、宏替换、注释的删除
#include是一条预处理命令，它的作用是将头文件的内容包含到本文件中
“包含”是指将头文件中的所有代码都会在#include处展开

gcc -E 01_helloWorld.c > 01_helloWorld.i

在预处理之后自动停止后面的操作，并把预处理的结果重定向到01_helloWorld.i这个文件中。

为什么不能在头文件中定义全局变量？

因为定义全局变量的代码会存在于所有以#include包含该头文件的文件中。也就是说，所有的这些文件，都会定义一个同样的全局变量，这样就不可避免的造成了冲突；
编译环节----对源代码进行语法分析，并优化产生对应的汇编代码

gcc -S 01_helloWorld.c -o 01_helloWorld.o

这里是产生汇编文件，不是最终的二进制文本文件。
汇编过程–将源代码翻译成可执行的指令，并生成目标文件

gcc -c 01_helloWorld.c -o 01_helloWorld.o
链接过程–将各个目标文件，包括库文件，链接成一个可执行程序
地址和空间的分配
符号解析
重定向

在Linux环境下，该工作是由GNU的链接器ld完成的

gcc -g -Wall -v 01_helloWorld.c -o 01_helloWorld

通过-v选项可以查看完整和详细的gcc编译过程

Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/lto-wrapper
Target: x86_64-redhat-linux
Configured with: ../configure --prefix=/usr --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info --with-bugurl=http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla --enable-bootstrap --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --enable-checking=release --with-system-zlib --enable-__cxa_atexit --disable-libunwind-exceptions --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-linker-build-id --with-linker-hash-style=gnu --enable-languages=c,c++,objc,obj-c++,java,fortran,ada,go,lto --enable-plugin --enable-initfini-array --disable-libgcj --with-isl=/builddir/build/BUILD/gcc-4.8.5-20150702/obj-x86_64-redhat-linux/isl-install --with-cloog=/builddir/build/BUILD/gcc-4.8.5-20150702/obj-x86_64-redhat-linux/cloog-install --enable-gnu-indirect-function --with-tune=generic --with-arch_32=x86-64 --build=x86_64-redhat-linux
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (GCC) 
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-g' '-Wall' '-v' '-o' '01_helloWorld' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/cc1 -quiet -v 01_helloWorld.c -quiet -dumpbase 01_helloWorld.c -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -auxbase 01_helloWorld -g -Wall -version -o /tmp/ccjd04QA.s
GNU C (GCC) version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (x86_64-redhat-linux)
	compiled by GNU C version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36), GMP version 6.0.0, MPFR version 3.1.1, MPC version 1.0.1
GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/include-fixed"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../x86_64-redhat-linux/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/include
 /usr/local/include
 /usr/include
End of search list.
GNU C (GCC) version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36) (x86_64-redhat-linux)
	compiled by GNU C version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-36), GMP version 6.0.0, MPFR version 3.1.1, MPC version 1.0.1
GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
Compiler executable checksum: 592abcad67b46aec035d56e51f71d007
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-g' '-Wall' '-v' '-o' '01_helloWorld' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 as -v --64 -o /tmp/ccFbz7iT.o /tmp/ccjd04QA.s
GNU assembler version 2.27 (x86_64-redhat-linux) using BFD version version 2.27-34.base.el7
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/:/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/:/usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64/:/lib/../lib64/:/usr/lib/../lib64/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-g' '-Wall' '-v' '-o' '01_helloWorld' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/collect2 --build-id --no-add-needed --eh-frame-hdr --hash-style=gnu -m elf_x86_64 -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -o 01_helloWorld /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64/crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64 -L/lib/../lib64 -L/usr/lib/../lib64 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../.. /tmp/ccFbz7iT.o -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed -lc -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.5/../../../../lib64/crtn.o

2. 程序的构成

Linux下二进制可执行程序的一般格式为ELF格式，可以通过readelf命令查看可执行程序的ELF格式：

readelf -h 01_helloWorld # 查看ELF Header

ELF Header:
  Magic:   7f 45 4c 46 02 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 
  Class:                             ELF64
  Data:                              2's complement, little endian
  Version:                           1 (current)
  OS/ABI:                            UNIX - System V
  ABI Version:                       0
  Type:                              EXEC (Executable file)
  Machine:                           Advanced Micro Devices X86-64
  Version:                           0x1
  Entry point address:               0x400430
  Start of program headers:          64 (bytes into file)
  Start of section headers:          7168 (bytes into file)
  Flags:                             0x0
  Size of this header:               64 (bytes)
  Size of program headers:           56 (bytes)
  Number of program headers:         9
  Size of section headers:           64 (bytes)
  Number of section headers:         36
  Section header string table index: 35

readelf -S 01_helloWorld # 查看Section Headers

Section Headers:
  [Nr] Name              Type             Address           Offset
       Size              EntSize          Flags  Link  Info  Align
  [ 0]                   NULL             0000000000000000  00000000
       0000000000000000  0000000000000000           0     0     0
  [ 1] .interp           PROGBITS         0000000000400238  00000238
       000000000000001c  0000000000000000   A       0     0     1
  [ 2] .note.ABI-tag     NOTE             0000000000400254  00000254
       0000000000000020  0000000000000000   A       0     0     4
  [ 3] .note.gnu.build-i NOTE             0000000000400274  00000274
       0000000000000024  0000000000000000   A       0     0     4
  [ 4] .gnu.hash         GNU_HASH         0000000000400298  00000298
       000000000000001c  0000000000000000   A       5     0     8
  [ 5] .dynsym           DYNSYM           00000000004002b8  000002b8
       0000000000000060  0000000000000018   A       6     1     8
  [ 6] .dynstr           STRTAB           0000000000400318  00000318
       000000000000003d  0000000000000000   A       0     0     1
  [ 7] .gnu.version      VERSYM           0000000000400356  00000356
       0000000000000008  0000000000000002   A       5     0     2
  [ 8] .gnu.version_r    VERNEED          0000000000400360  00000360
       0000000000000020  0000000000000000   A       6     1     8
  [ 9] .rela.dyn         RELA             0000000000400380  00000380
       0000000000000018  0000000000000018   A       5     0     8
  [10] .rela.plt         RELA             0000000000400398  00000398
       0000000000000030  0000000000000018  AI       5    24     8
  [11] .init             PROGBITS         00000000004003c8  000003c8
       000000000000001a  0000000000000000  AX       0     0     4
  [12] .plt              PROGBITS         00000000004003f0  000003f0
       0000000000000030  0000000000000010  AX       0     0     16
  [13] .plt.got          PROGBITS         0000000000400420  00000420
       0000000000000008  0000000000000000  AX       0     0     8
  [14] .text             PROGBITS         0000000000400430  00000430
       0000000000000182  0000000000000000  AX       0     0     16
  [15] .fini             PROGBITS         00000000004005b4  000005b4
       0000000000000009  0000000000000000  AX       0     0     4
  [16] .rodata           PROGBITS         00000000004005c0  000005c0
       000000000000001c  0000000000000000   A       0     0     8
  [17] .eh_frame_hdr     PROGBITS         00000000004005dc  000005dc
       0000000000000034  0000000000000000   A       0     0     4
  [18] .eh_frame         PROGBITS         0000000000400610  00000610
       00000000000000f4  0000000000000000   A       0     0     8
  [19] .init_array       INIT_ARRAY       0000000000600e10  00000e10
       0000000000000008  0000000000000008  WA       0     0     8
  [20] .fini_array       FINI_ARRAY       0000000000600e18  00000e18
       0000000000000008  0000000000000008  WA       0     0     8
  [21] .jcr              PROGBITS         0000000000600e20  00000e20
       0000000000000008  0000000000000000  WA       0     0     8
  [22] .dynamic          DYNAMIC          0000000000600e28  00000e28
       00000000000001d0  0000000000000010  WA       6     0     8
  [23] .got              PROGBITS         0000000000600ff8  00000ff8
       0000000000000008  0000000000000008  WA       0     0     8
  [24] .got.plt          PROGBITS         0000000000601000  00001000
       0000000000000028  0000000000000008  WA       0     0     8
  [25] .data             PROGBITS         0000000000601028  00001028
       0000000000000004  0000000000000000  WA       0     0     1
  [26] .bss              NOBITS           000000000060102c  0000102c
       0000000000000004  0000000000000000  WA       0     0     1
  [27] .comment          PROGBITS         0000000000000000  0000102c
       000000000000002d  0000000000000001  MS       0     0     1
  [28] .debug_aranges    PROGBITS         0000000000000000  00001059
       0000000000000030  0000000000000000           0     0     1
  [29] .debug_info       PROGBITS         0000000000000000  00001089
       0000000000000091  0000000000000000           0     0     1
  [30] .debug_abbrev     PROGBITS         0000000000000000  0000111a
       0000000000000044  0000000000000000           0     0     1
  [31] .debug_line       PROGBITS         0000000000000000  0000115e
       0000000000000044  0000000000000000           0     0     1
  [32] .debug_str        PROGBITS         0000000000000000  000011a2
       00000000000000c1  0000000000000001  MS       0     0     1
  [33] .symtab           SYMTAB           0000000000000000  00001268
       0000000000000678  0000000000000018          34    52     8
  [34] .strtab           STRTAB           0000000000000000  000018e0
       00000000000001d2  0000000000000000           0     0     1
  [35] .shstrtab         STRTAB           0000000000000000  00001ab2
       000000000000014c  0000000000000000           0     0     1
Key to Flags:
  W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
  L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
  C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
  l (large), p (processor specific)

ELF文件的主要内容是由各个section及symbol表组成
section列表中，最熟悉的有:

text段：代码段，用于保存可执行指令
data段：数据段，用于保存有非0初始值的全局变量和静态变量
bss段：用于保存没有初始值或者初值为0的全局变量和静态变量

当程序加载时，bss段中的变量会初始化为0

3. 程序是如何"跑"的

Linux环境下，可以使用strace跟踪系统调用，帮助自己研究系统程序加载、运行和退出的过程。
strace ./01_helloWorld

execve("./01_helloWorld", ["./01_helloWorld"], [/* 22 vars */]) = 0
brk(NULL)                               = 0x244a000
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff59fe3f000
access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=44167, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 44167, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7ff59fe34000
close(3)                                = 0
open("/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\340$\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=2151672, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 3981792, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7ff59f852000
mprotect(0x7ff59fa14000, 2097152, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7ff59fc14000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1c2000) = 0x7ff59fc14000
mmap(0x7ff59fc1a000, 16864, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff59fc1a000
close(3)                                = 0
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff59fe33000
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff59fe31000
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7ff59fe31740) = 0
mprotect(0x7ff59fc14000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x600000, 4096, PROT_READ)     = 0
mprotect(0x7ff59fe40000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7ff59fe34000, 44167)           = 0
fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 1), ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ff59fe3e000
write(1, "hello world\n", 12hello world
)           = 12
exit_group(0)                           = ?
+++ exited with 0 +++

在Linux环境中，执行一个命令时，首先是由shell调用fork，然后再子进程中来真正执行这个命令。

首先是调用execve来加载01_helloWorld，然后ld会分别检查ld.so.nohwcap和ld.so.preload。其中，如果ld.so.nohwcap存在，则ld会加载其中未优化版本的库。如果ld.so.preload存在，则ld会加载其中的库，之后利用mmap将ld.so.cache映射到内存中，ld.so.cache中保存了库的路径，这样就完成了所有的准备工作。接着ld加载c库–libc.so.6，利用mmap及mprotect设置程序的各个内存区域，到这里，程序运行环境已经完成。后面的write会向文件描述符1(标准输出)输出hello world\n，返回值为12，它表示write成功的字符个数。最后调用exit_group退出程序，此时参数为0，表示程序退出状态。

4. C库函数和系统调用

Linux环境下，使用的C库一般都是libc，它封装了几乎所有的系统调用，代码中使用的“系统调用”实际上就是调用C库中的库函数。C库函数同样位于用户态，所以编译器可以统一处理所有的函数调用，而不是区分该函数到底是不是系统调用。

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一个Linux程序如何跑起来

1. 一个Linux可执行程序如何产生？ /* * filename: 01_helloWorld.c * */#include <stdio.h>int main(void){ printf("hello world\n"); return 0;}预处理–预处理用于处理预处理命令，头文件的扩展、宏替换、注释的删除#include是一条预处理...
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