mysql基础

目录

mysql基础

关系型数据库介绍

数据结构模型

RDBMS专业名词

关系型数据库的常见组件

SQL语句

mysql安装与配置

配置mysql的yum源

yum安装mariadb

mysql工具使用

mysql数据库操作

DDL操作

MySQL 数据类型

日期和时间类型

字符串类型


关系型数据库介绍

数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有:

     层次模型 
     网状结构 
     关系模型 
关系模型: 
二维关系:row,column

数据库管理系统:DBMS 
关系:Relational,RDBMS

RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统:

     MySQL:MySQL,MariaDB,Percona-Server 
     PostgreSQL:简称为pgsql 
     Oracle 
     MSSQL 
SQL:Structure Query Language,结构化查询语言

约束:constraint,向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

     主键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据,不能为空(NOT NULL)。 
          一个表只能存在一个 
     惟一键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空(NULL) 
          一个表可以存在多个 
     外键约束:一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据 
     检查性约束 
索引:将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存,并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有:

     数据库:database 
     表:table,由行(row)和列(column)组成 
     索引:index 
     视图:view 
     用户:user 
     权限:privilege 
     存储过程:procedure 
     存储函数:function 
     触发器:trigger 
     事件调度器:event scheduler

SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型:

     DDL:Data Defination Language,数据定义语言 
     DML:Data Manipulation Language,数据操纵语言 
     DCL:Data Control Language,数据控制语言

SQL语句类型 对应操作 
     DDL:      CREATE:创建 
                    DROP:删除 
                    ALTER:修改 
     DML:      INSERT:向表中插入数据 
                    DELETE:删除表中数据 
                    UPDATE:更新表中数据 
                    SELECT:查询表中数据 
     DCL:      GRANT:授权 
                    REVOKE:移除授权

mysql安装与配置

mysql安装 
     mysql安装方式有三种:

          源代码:编译安装 
          二进制格式的程序包:展开至特定路径,并经过简单配置后即可使用 
          程序包管理器管理的程序包: 
               rpm:有两种 
                    OS Vendor:操作系统发行商提供的 
                    项目官方提供的 
               deb

配置mysql的yum源

 

[root@zzh ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm //配置mysql的yum源

--2022-07-25 08:35:42-- http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

Resolving dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)... 23.64.178.143, 2600:1406:cc00:289::2e31, 2600:1406:cc00:287::2e31

Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.64.178.143|:80... connected.

HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently

Location: https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm [following]

--2022-07-25 08:35:42-- https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.64.178.143|:443... connected.

HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Moved Temporarily

Location: https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm [following]

--2022-07-25 08:35:43-- https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

Resolving repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)... 104.85.245.54

Connecting to repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)|104.85.245.54|:443... connected.

HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK

Length: 25548 (25K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]

Saving to: 'mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm'

mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm 100%[=======================================================================================================>] 24.95K 142KB/s in 0.2s

2022-07-25 08:35:50 (142 KB/s) - 'mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm' saved [25548/25548]

[root@zzh ~]# yum module disable mysql //禁用mysql

Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8

MySQL Connectors Community 16 kB/s | 49 kB 00:03

MySQL Tools Community 105 kB/s | 651 kB 00:06

MySQL 5.7 Community Server 265 kB/s | 2.6 MB 00:10

Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:01 ago on Mon Jul 25 08:38:44 2022.

Dependencies resolved.

=================================================================================================================================================================================================

Package Architecture Version Repository Size

=================================================================================================================================================================================================

Disabling modules:

mysql

Transaction Summary

=================================================================================================================================================================================================

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Complete!

[root@zzh ~]# yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel --nogpgcheck //使用yum安装

Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8

Last metadata expiration check: 0:22:50 ago on Mon Jul 25 08:38:44 2022.

Dependencies resolved.

=================================================================================================================================================================================================

Package Architecture Version Repository Size

=================================================================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

mysql-community-client x86_64 5.7.38-1.el7 mysql57-community 28 M

mysql-community-common x86_64 5.7.38-1.el7 mysql57-community 311 k

mysql-community-devel x86_64 5.7.38-1.el7 mysql57-community 4.2 M

[root@zzh ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld //启动mysql

[root@zzh ~]# systemctl status mysqld

● mysqld.service - MySQL Server

Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)

Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-07-25 09:05:23 EDT; 5s ago

Docs: man:mysqld(8)

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html

Process: 299040 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Process: 298915 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Main PID: 299042 (mysqld)

Tasks: 27 (limit: 54222)

Memory: 302.1M

CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service

└─299042 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

Jul 25 09:05:21 zzh systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...

Jul 25 09:05:23 zzh systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.

[root@zzh ~]# ss -anltup | grep 3306 //查看端口是否监听

tcp LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:* users:(("mysqld",pid=299042,fd=21))

[root@zzh ~]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm //删除源

[root@zzh ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log

2022-07-25T13:05:22.199998Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: REqIh6fe(XpR //过滤日志文件找到临时密码

[root@zzh ~]# mysql -uroot -p //登录mysql

Enter password:

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 2

Server version: 5.7.38

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'zhaozihao'; //修改密码

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> exit

Bye

yum安装mariadb

 

[root@zzh ~]# yum -y install mariadb*

Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8

Last metadata expiration check: 2:25:01 ago on Mon Jul 25 07:01:58 2022.

Dependencies resolved.

=================================================================================================================================================================================================

Package Architecture Version Repository Size

=================================================================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

mariadb x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d appstream 6.0 M

mariadb-backup x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d appstream 6.1 M

[root@zzh ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

[root@zzh ~]# mysql //mariadb是没有初始密码的,可以直接登录

Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MariaDB connection id is 8

Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> exit

Bye

mysql工具使用

//语法:mysql [OPTIONS] [database] 
//常用的OPTIONS: 
-uUSERNAME //指定用户名,默认为root 
-hHOST //指定服务器主机,默认为localhost,推荐使用ip地址 
-pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码 
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口,这里的#需用实际的端口号代替,如-P3307 
-V //查看当前使用的mysql版本 
-e //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出,常用于脚本

 

[root@zzh ~]# mysql -V

mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.38, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper

[root@zzh ~]# mysql -uroot -pzhaozihao -h127.0.0.1

mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 4

Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

mysql数据库操作

DDL操作

数据库操作

 

mysql> show databases; //查看数据库

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sys |

+--------------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create database if not exists zhaozihao; //创建数据库

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sys |

| zhaozihao |

+--------------------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop database if exists zhaozihao; //删除数据库

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sys |

+--------------------+

4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

表操作

 

mysql> create database zhaozihao; //创建数据库

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use zhaozihao; //进入数据库

Database changed

mysql> create table zhaozihao (id int not null,name varchar(10) not null,age tinyint); /创建表

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables; //查看当前数据库中的表

+---------------------+

| Tables_in_zhaozihao |

+---------------------+

| zhaozihao |

+---------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc zhaozihao; //查看表结构

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |

| name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |

| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop table zhaozihao; //删除表

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

用户操作

 

mysql> create user 'zzh'@'127.0.0.1' identified by 'zhaozihao'; //创建数据库用户

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop user zzh@127.0.0.1; //删除数据库用户

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

查看命令SHOW

 

mysql> show character set; //查看支持的所有字符集

+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+

| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |

+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+

| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |

| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |

| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |

| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |

| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |

| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |

mysql> show engines; //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎

+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+

| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |

+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+

| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |

| MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |

| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |

| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |

| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |

| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |

| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |

| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |

| FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL |

+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+

9 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> show databases; //查看数据库信息

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| sys |

| zhaozihao |

+--------------------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

获取帮助

 

mysql> help create table; //获取创建表的帮助

Name: 'CREATE TABLE'

Description:

Syntax:

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name

(create_definition,...)

[table_options]

[partition_options]

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name

[(create_definition,...)]

[table_options]

[partition_options]

[IGNORE | REPLACE]

MySQL 数据类型

MySQL中定义数据字段的类型对数据库的优化是非常重要的。MySQL支持多种类型,大致可以分为三类:数值、日期/时间和字符串(字符)类型。

数值类型

​ MySQL支持所有标准SQL数值数据类型。这些类型包括严格数值数据类型(INTEGER、SMALLINT、DECIMAL和NUMERIC),以及近似数值数据类型(FLOAT、REAL和DOUBLE PRECISION)。

​ 关键字INT是INTEGER的同义词,关键字DEC是DECIMAL的同义词。BIT数据类型保存位字段值,并且支持MyISAM、MEMORY、InnoDB和BDB表。作为SQL标准的扩展,MySQL也支持整数类型TINYINT、MEDIUMINT和BIGINT。下面的表显示了需要的每个整数类型的存储和范围。

类型大小范围(有符号)范围(无符号)用途
TINYINT1 byte(-128,127)(0,255)小整数值
SMALLINT2 bytes(-32 768,32 767)(0,65 535)大整数值
MEDIUMINT3 bytes(-8 388 608,8 388 607)(0,16 777 215)大整数值
INT或INTEGER4 bytes(-2 147 483 648,2 147 483 647)(0,4 294 967 295)大整数值
BIGINT8 bytes(-9,223,372,036,854,775,808,9 223 372 036 854 775 807)(0,18 446 744 073 709 551 615)极大整数值
FLOAT4 bytes(-3.402 823 466 E+38,-1.175 494 351 E-38),0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 351 E+38)0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 E+38)单精度浮点数值
DOUBLE8 bytes(-1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308,-2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308),0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) 0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308)双精度浮点数值
DECIMAL对DECIMAL(M,D) ,如果M>D,为M+2否则为D+2依赖于M和D的值依赖于M和D的值小数值

日期和时间类型

表示时间值的日期和时间类型为DATETIME、DATE、TIMESTAMP、TIME和YEAR。每个时间类型有一个有效值范围和一个”零”值,当指定不合法的MySQL不能表示的值时使用”零”值。TIMESTAMP类型有专有的自动更新特性,将在后面描述。

类型大小( bytes)范围格式用途
DATE31000-01-01/9999-12-31YYYY-MM-DD日期值
TIME3‘-838:59:59’/‘838:59:59’HH:MM:SS时间值或持续时间
YEAR11901/2155YYYY年份值
DATETIME81000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS混合日期和时间值
TIMESTAMP41970-01-01 00:00:00/2038 结束时间是第 2147483647 秒,北京时间 2038-1-19 11:14:07,格林尼治时间 2038年1月19日 凌晨 03:14:07YYYYMMDD HHMMSS混合日期和时间值,时间戳

字符串类型

字符串类型指CHAR、VARCHAR、BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB、TEXT、ENUM和SET。该节描述了这些类型如何工作以及如何在查询中使用这些类型。

类型大小用途
CHAR0-255 bytes定长字符串
VARCHAR0-65535 bytes变长字符串
TINYBLOB0-255 bytes不超过 255 个字符的二进制字符串
TINYTEXT0-255 bytes短文本字符串
BLOB0-65 535 bytes二进制形式的长文本数据
TEXT0-65 535 bytes长文本数据
MEDIUMBLOB0-16 777 215 bytes二进制形式的中等长度文本数据
MEDIUMTEXT0-16 777 215 bytes中等长度文本数据
LONGBLOB0-4 294 967 295 bytes二进制形式的极大文本数据
LONGTEXT0-4 294 967 295 bytes极大文本数据

注意:char(n) 和 varchar(n) 中括号中 n 代表字符的个数,并不代表字节个数,比如 CHAR(30) 就可以存储 30 个字符。

CHAR 和 VARCHAR 类型类似,但它们保存和检索的方式不同。它们的最大长度和是否尾部空格被保留等方面也不同。在存储或检索过程中不进行大小写转换。

BINARY 和 VARBINARY 类似于 CHAR 和 VARCHAR,不同的是它们包含二进制字符串而不要非二进制字符串。也就是说,它们包含字节字符串而不是字符字符串。这说明它们没有字符集,并且排序和比较基于列值字节的数值值。

BLOB 是一个二进制大对象,可以容纳可变数量的数据。有 4 种 BLOB 类型:TINYBLOB、BLOB、MEDIUMBLOB 和 LONGBLOB。它们区别在于可容纳存储范围不同。

有 4 种 TEXT 类型:TINYTEXT、TEXT、MEDIUMTEXT 和 LONGTEXT。对应的这 4 种 BLOB 类型,可存储的最大长度不同,可根据实际情况选择。

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