目录
关系型数据库介绍
数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有:
层次模型
网状结构
关系模型
关系模型:
二维关系:row,column
数据库管理系统:DBMS
关系:Relational,RDBMS
RDBMS专业名词
常见的关系型数据库管理系统:
MySQL:MySQL,MariaDB,Percona-Server
PostgreSQL:简称为pgsql
Oracle
MSSQL
SQL:Structure Query Language,结构化查询语言
约束:constraint,向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
主键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据,不能为空(NOT NULL)。
一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空(NULL)
一个表可以存在多个
外键约束:一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束
索引:将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存,并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有:
数据库:database
表:table,由行(row)和列(column)组成
索引:index
视图:view
用户:user
权限:privilege
存储过程:procedure
存储函数:function
触发器:trigger
事件调度器:event scheduler
SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型:
DDL:Data Defination Language,数据定义语言
DML:Data Manipulation Language,数据操纵语言
DCL:Data Control Language,数据控制语言
SQL语句类型 对应操作
DDL: CREATE:创建
DROP:删除
ALTER:修改
DML: INSERT:向表中插入数据
DELETE:删除表中数据
UPDATE:更新表中数据
SELECT:查询表中数据
DCL: GRANT:授权
REVOKE:移除授权
mysql安装与配置
mysql安装
mysql安装方式有三种:
源代码:编译安装
二进制格式的程序包:展开至特定路径,并经过简单配置后即可使用
程序包管理器管理的程序包:
rpm:有两种
OS Vendor:操作系统发行商提供的
项目官方提供的
deb
配置mysql的yum源
[root@zzh ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm //配置mysql的yum源
--2022-07-25 08:35:42-- http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
Resolving dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)... 23.64.178.143, 2600:1406:cc00:289::2e31, 2600:1406:cc00:287::2e31
Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.64.178.143|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently
Location: https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm [following]
--2022-07-25 08:35:42-- https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.64.178.143|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Moved Temporarily
Location: https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm [following]
--2022-07-25 08:35:43-- https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
Resolving repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)... 104.85.245.54
Connecting to repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)|104.85.245.54|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 25548 (25K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]
Saving to: 'mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm'
mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm 100%[=======================================================================================================>] 24.95K 142KB/s in 0.2s
2022-07-25 08:35:50 (142 KB/s) - 'mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm' saved [25548/25548]
[root@zzh ~]# yum module disable mysql //禁用mysql
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
MySQL Connectors Community 16 kB/s | 49 kB 00:03
MySQL Tools Community 105 kB/s | 651 kB 00:06
MySQL 5.7 Community Server 265 kB/s | 2.6 MB 00:10
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:01 ago on Mon Jul 25 08:38:44 2022.
Dependencies resolved.
=================================================================================================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================================================================================================================
Disabling modules:
mysql
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================================================================================================================
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Complete!
[root@zzh ~]# yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel --nogpgcheck //使用yum安装
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
Last metadata expiration check: 0:22:50 ago on Mon Jul 25 08:38:44 2022.
Dependencies resolved.
=================================================================================================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
mysql-community-client x86_64 5.7.38-1.el7 mysql57-community 28 M
mysql-community-common x86_64 5.7.38-1.el7 mysql57-community 311 k
mysql-community-devel x86_64 5.7.38-1.el7 mysql57-community 4.2 M
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld //启动mysql
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-07-25 09:05:23 EDT; 5s ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
Process: 299040 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Process: 298915 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 299042 (mysqld)
Tasks: 27 (limit: 54222)
Memory: 302.1M
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─299042 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
Jul 25 09:05:21 zzh systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 25 09:05:23 zzh systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
[root@zzh ~]# ss -anltup | grep 3306 //查看端口是否监听
tcp LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:* users:(("mysqld",pid=299042,fd=21))
[root@zzh ~]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm //删除源
[root@zzh ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-07-25T13:05:22.199998Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: REqIh6fe(XpR //过滤日志文件找到临时密码
[root@zzh ~]# mysql -uroot -p //登录mysql
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.38
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'zhaozihao'; //修改密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
yum安装mariadb
[root@zzh ~]# yum -y install mariadb*
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
Last metadata expiration check: 2:25:01 ago on Mon Jul 25 07:01:58 2022.
Dependencies resolved.
=================================================================================================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
mariadb x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d appstream 6.0 M
mariadb-backup x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d appstream 6.1 M
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@zzh ~]# mysql //mariadb是没有初始密码的,可以直接登录
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> exit
Bye
mysql工具使用
//语法:mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS:
-uUSERNAME //指定用户名,默认为root
-hHOST //指定服务器主机,默认为localhost,推荐使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口,这里的#需用实际的端口号代替,如-P3307
-V //查看当前使用的mysql版本
-e //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出,常用于脚本
[root@zzh ~]# mysql -V
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.38, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
[root@zzh ~]# mysql -uroot -pzhaozihao -h127.0.0.1
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
mysql数据库操作
DDL操作
数据库操作
mysql> show databases; //查看数据库
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database if not exists zhaozihao; //创建数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| zhaozihao |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop database if exists zhaozihao; //删除数据库
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
表操作
mysql> create database zhaozihao; //创建数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use zhaozihao; //进入数据库
Database changed
mysql> create table zhaozihao (id int not null,name varchar(10) not null,age tinyint); /创建表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables; //查看当前数据库中的表
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_zhaozihao |
+---------------------+
| zhaozihao |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc zhaozihao; //查看表结构
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop table zhaozihao; //删除表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
用户操作
mysql> create user 'zzh'@'127.0.0.1' identified by 'zhaozihao'; //创建数据库用户
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop user zzh@127.0.0.1; //删除数据库用户
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查看命令SHOW
mysql> show character set; //查看支持的所有字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
mysql> show engines; //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
| MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
| FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> show databases; //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| zhaozihao |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
获取帮助
mysql> help create table; //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
(create_definition,...)
[table_options]
[partition_options]
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
[(create_definition,...)]
[table_options]
[partition_options]
[IGNORE | REPLACE]
MySQL 数据类型
MySQL中定义数据字段的类型对数据库的优化是非常重要的。MySQL支持多种类型,大致可以分为三类:数值、日期/时间和字符串(字符)类型。
数值类型
MySQL支持所有标准SQL数值数据类型。这些类型包括严格数值数据类型(INTEGER、SMALLINT、DECIMAL和NUMERIC),以及近似数值数据类型(FLOAT、REAL和DOUBLE PRECISION)。
关键字INT是INTEGER的同义词,关键字DEC是DECIMAL的同义词。BIT数据类型保存位字段值,并且支持MyISAM、MEMORY、InnoDB和BDB表。作为SQL标准的扩展,MySQL也支持整数类型TINYINT、MEDIUMINT和BIGINT。下面的表显示了需要的每个整数类型的存储和范围。
类型 | 大小 | 范围(有符号) | 范围(无符号) | 用途 |
TINYINT | 1 byte | (-128,127) | (0,255) | 小整数值 |
SMALLINT | 2 bytes | (-32 768,32 767) | (0,65 535) | 大整数值 |
MEDIUMINT | 3 bytes | (-8 388 608,8 388 607) | (0,16 777 215) | 大整数值 |
INT或INTEGER | 4 bytes | (-2 147 483 648,2 147 483 647) | (0,4 294 967 295) | 大整数值 |
BIGINT | 8 bytes | (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808,9 223 372 036 854 775 807) | (0,18 446 744 073 709 551 615) | 极大整数值 |
FLOAT | 4 bytes | (-3.402 823 466 E+38,-1.175 494 351 E-38),0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 351 E+38) | 0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 E+38) | 单精度浮点数值 |
DOUBLE | 8 bytes | (-1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308,-2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308), | 0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) 0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308) | 双精度浮点数值 |
DECIMAL | 对DECIMAL(M,D) ,如果M>D,为M+2否则为D+2 | 依赖于M和D的值 | 依赖于M和D的值 | 小数值 |
日期和时间类型
表示时间值的日期和时间类型为DATETIME、DATE、TIMESTAMP、TIME和YEAR。每个时间类型有一个有效值范围和一个”零”值,当指定不合法的MySQL不能表示的值时使用”零”值。TIMESTAMP类型有专有的自动更新特性,将在后面描述。
类型 | 大小( bytes) | 范围 | 格式 | 用途 |
DATE | 3 | 1000-01-01/9999-12-31 | YYYY-MM-DD | 日期值 |
TIME | 3 | ‘-838:59:59’/‘838:59:59’ | HH:MM:SS | 时间值或持续时间 |
YEAR | 1 | 1901/2155 | YYYY | 年份值 |
DATETIME | 8 | 1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59 | YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS | 混合日期和时间值 |
TIMESTAMP | 4 | 1970-01-01 00:00:00/2038 结束时间是第 2147483647 秒,北京时间 2038-1-19 11:14:07,格林尼治时间 2038年1月19日 凌晨 03:14:07 | YYYYMMDD HHMMSS | 混合日期和时间值,时间戳 |
字符串类型
字符串类型指CHAR、VARCHAR、BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB、TEXT、ENUM和SET。该节描述了这些类型如何工作以及如何在查询中使用这些类型。
类型 | 大小 | 用途 |
CHAR | 0-255 bytes | 定长字符串 |
VARCHAR | 0-65535 bytes | 变长字符串 |
TINYBLOB | 0-255 bytes | 不超过 255 个字符的二进制字符串 |
TINYTEXT | 0-255 bytes | 短文本字符串 |
BLOB | 0-65 535 bytes | 二进制形式的长文本数据 |
TEXT | 0-65 535 bytes | 长文本数据 |
MEDIUMBLOB | 0-16 777 215 bytes | 二进制形式的中等长度文本数据 |
MEDIUMTEXT | 0-16 777 215 bytes | 中等长度文本数据 |
LONGBLOB | 0-4 294 967 295 bytes | 二进制形式的极大文本数据 |
LONGTEXT | 0-4 294 967 295 bytes | 极大文本数据 |
注意:char(n) 和 varchar(n) 中括号中 n 代表字符的个数,并不代表字节个数,比如 CHAR(30) 就可以存储 30 个字符。
CHAR 和 VARCHAR 类型类似,但它们保存和检索的方式不同。它们的最大长度和是否尾部空格被保留等方面也不同。在存储或检索过程中不进行大小写转换。
BINARY 和 VARBINARY 类似于 CHAR 和 VARCHAR,不同的是它们包含二进制字符串而不要非二进制字符串。也就是说,它们包含字节字符串而不是字符字符串。这说明它们没有字符集,并且排序和比较基于列值字节的数值值。
BLOB 是一个二进制大对象,可以容纳可变数量的数据。有 4 种 BLOB 类型:TINYBLOB、BLOB、MEDIUMBLOB 和 LONGBLOB。它们区别在于可容纳存储范围不同。
有 4 种 TEXT 类型:TINYTEXT、TEXT、MEDIUMTEXT 和 LONGTEXT。对应的这 4 种 BLOB 类型,可存储的最大长度不同,可根据实际情况选择。