kvm虚拟化
目录
什么是虚拟化
在一台计算机上虚拟出多个逻辑的计算机，而且每个逻辑计算机，它可以是不同操作系统。
在计算机技术中，虚拟化（技术）或虚拟技术（英语：Virtualization）是一种资源管理技术，是将计算机的各种实体资源（CPU、内存、磁盘空间、网络适配器等），予以抽象、转换后呈现出来并可供分区、组合为一个或多个电脑配置环境。
一般所指的虚拟化资源包括计算能力和数据存储。
由于目前信息技术领域的很多企业都曾在宣传中将该企业的某种技术称为虚拟化技术，这些技术涵盖的范围可以从Java虚拟机技术到系统管理软件，这就使得准确的界定虚拟技术变得困难。因此各种相关学术论文在谈到虚拟技术时常常提到的便是如前面所提到的那个不严格的定义。
为什么要使用虚拟化
1、同一台物理机运行多个不同版本应用软件
2、硬件依赖性较低和便于数据迁移
虚拟化技术的优势
1、降低运营成本
服务器虚拟化降低了IT基础设施的运营成本，令系统管理员摆脱了繁重的物理服务器、OS、中间件及兼容性的管理工作，减少人工干预频率，使管理更加强大、便捷。
2、提高应用兼容性
服务器虚拟化提供的封装性和隔离性使大量应用独立运行于各种环境中，管理人员不需频繁根据底层环境调整应用，只需构建一个应用版本并将其发布到虚拟化后的不同类型平台上即可。
3、加速应用部署
采用服务器虚拟化技术只需输入激活配置参数、拷贝虚拟机、启动虚拟机、激活虚拟机即可完成部署，大大缩短了部署时间，免除人工干预，降低了部署成本。
4、提高服务可用性
用户可以方便地备份虚拟机，在进行虚拟机动态迁移后，可以方便的恢复备份，或者在其他物理机上运行备份，大大提高了服务的可用性。
5、提升资源利用率
通过服务器虚拟化的整合，提高了CPU、内存、存储、网 络 等设备的利用率，同时保证原有服务的可用性，使其 安全性及性能不受影响。
6、动态资源调度
在服务器虚拟化技术中，数据中心从传统的单一服务器变 成了统一的资源池，用户可以即时地调整虚拟机资源，同 时数据中心管理程序和数据中心管理员可以灵活根据虚拟 机内部资源使用情况灵活分配调整给虚拟机的资源。
7、降低能源消耗
通过减少运行的物理服务器数量，减少CPU以外各单元的耗电量，达到节能减排的目的。
kvm介绍
kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko，只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。
那 IO 的虚拟化，比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。
Qemu 是纯软件实现的虚拟化模拟器，几乎可以模拟任何硬件设备，我们最熟悉的就是能够模拟一台能够独立运行操作系统的虚拟机，虚拟机认为自己和硬件打交道，但其实是和 Qemu 模拟出来的硬件打交道，Qemu 将这些指令转译给真正的硬件。
正因为 Qemu 是纯软件实现的，所有的指令都要经 Qemu 过一手，性能非常低，所以，在生产环境中，大多数的做法都是配合 KVM 来完成虚拟化工作，因为 KVM 是硬件辅助的虚拟化技术，主要负责 比较繁琐的 CPU 和内存虚拟化，而 Qemu 则负责 I/O 虚拟化，两者合作各自发挥自身的优势，相得益彰.
作为一个 Hypervisor，KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。
Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。管理虚拟机和虚拟化功能的软件
其实，Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor，还能管理 Xen，VirtualBox 等。
Libvirt 包含 3 个东西：后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh
1、libvirtd是服务程序，接收和处理 API 请求；
2、API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具，比如 virt-manager，这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具；
3、virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具
kvm部署
设置虚拟机内存，添加一块200G的硬盘并开启虚拟化
新建分区
[root@zzh ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
|-sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
`-sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part
|-cs-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm /
`-cs-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 200G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 9G 0 rom
[root@zzh ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type? msdos
(parted) unit
Unit? [compact]? MiB
(parted) p
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 204800MiB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
(parted) mkpart
Partition type? primary/extended? primary
File system type? [ext2]? xfs
Start? 10
End? 204790
(parted) p
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 204800MiB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 10.0MiB 204790MiB 204780MiB primary xfs lba
(parted) q
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
//刷新分区表
[root@zzh ~]# udevadm settle
//格式化
[root@zzh ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=13105920 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=52423680, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=25597, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@zzh ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: UUID="9cee5471-1694-4177-aede-c3d20c31b9fe" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="abfac5b0-01"
//挂载
[root@zzh ~]# mkdir /kvmdata
[root@zzh ~]# vim /etc/fstab
//末行插入
UUID="9cee5471-1694-4177-aede-c3d20c31b9fe" /kvmdata xfs defaults 0 0
[root@zzh ~]# mount -a
[root@zzh ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 4.2G 0 4.2G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 4.2G 0 4.2G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 4.2G 9.0M 4.2G 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 4.2G 0 4.2G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cs-root xfs 17G 1.8G 16G 11% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 176M 839M 18% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 852M 0 852M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 xfs 200G 1.5G 199G 1% /kvmdata
安装kvm
//关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@zzh ~]# setenforce 0
[root@zzh ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@zzh ~]# reboot
//部署yum源
[root@zzh ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@zzh yum.repos.d]# rm -rf *
[root@zzh yum.repos.d]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-vault-8.5.2111.repo
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 2495 100 2495 0 0 12994 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 12994
[root@zzh yum.repos.d]# sed -i -e '/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/d' -e '/mirrors.aliyuncs.com/d' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
//安装所需软件包
[root@zzh ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++ qemu-kvm qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer libguestfs-tools
//验证cpu是否支持kvm，vmx是intel的 svm是AMD的
[root@zzh ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
svm
//安装kvm
[root@zzh ~]# yum -y install qemu-kvm \
> qemu-kvm \
> qemu-img \
> virt-manager \
> libvirt \
> libvirt-python3 \
> libvirt-client \
> virt-install \
> virt-viewer \
> bridge-utils \
> libguestfs-tools配置网络
//把kvm的网卡配置成桥接模式
[root@zzh ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@zzh network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@zzh network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-br0 ifcfg-ens ifcfg-ens33
[root@zzh network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-br0
//将网卡配置修改为如下内容
[root@zzh network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE=Bridge
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=br0
DEVICE=br0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.78.20
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.78.2
DNS1=8.8.8.8
[root@zzh network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0
//重启网卡
[root@zzh network-scripts]# nmcli connection reload
[root@zzh network-scripts]# nmcli connection up ens33
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)
[root@zzh network-scripts]# nmcli connection up br0
Connection successfully activated (master waiting for slaves) (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/5)启动及配置
//启动libvirtd服务
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl enable --now libvirtd
//查看kvm模块是否加载
[root@zzh ~]# lsmod | grep kvm
kvm_amd 110592 0
kvm 839680 1 kvm_amd
irqbypass 16384 1 kvm
//将qemu-kvm这个命令做一个软链接到/usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@zzh ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@zzh ~]# ll /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Oct 7 15:41 /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -> /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
//查看网桥信息
[root@zzh ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.000c297ba932 no ens33
virbr0 8000.525400899941 yes virbr0-nickvm管理界面安装
//安装依赖包
[root@zzh ~]# yum -y install git python2-pip supervisor nginx python2-devel
[root@zzh ~]# wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7.5.x86_64.rpm
//下载webvirtmgr
[root@zzh ~]# wget https://download-ib01.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/p/python-websockify-0.6.0-2.el7.noarch.rpm
[root@zzh ~]# rpm -ivh --nodeps libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7.5.x86_64.rpm
[root@zzh ~]# rpm -ivh --nodeps python-websockify-0.6.0-2.el7.noarch.rpm
//升级pip
[root@zzh ~]# pip2 install --upgrade pip
[root@zzh ~]# pip -V
pip 20.3.4 from /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pip (python 2.7)
//github拉取webvirtmgr
[root@zzh ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@zzh src]# git clone http://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
[root@zzh src]# cd webvirtmgr/
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# ls
MANIFEST.in create instance requirements.txt storages
README.rst deploy interfaces secrets templates
Vagrantfile dev-requirements.txt locale serverlog vrtManager
conf hostdetail manage.py servers webvirtmgr
console images networks setup.py
//安装webvirtmgr
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# pip install -r requirements.txt
//检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# python3
Python 3.6.8 (default, Dec 3 2020, 18:11:24)
[GCC 8.4.1 20200928 (Red Hat 8.4.1-1)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()
//初始化账号信息
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# python2 manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor
You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): root
Email address: 123@qq.com
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)
//拷贝web网页到指定目录
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# mkdir /var/www/
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# cp -r /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr/ /var/www/
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr/
//生成一对公钥与私钥，由于这里webvirtmgr和kvm服务部署在同一台主机中，所以这里本地信任。如果kvm部署在其他机器上的时候，那么就需要把公钥发送到kvm主机中
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# python2 manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:mHPRS5P+9dKosa4FFUHVmxU58hUAlg3cYVF9DhNLIy0 root@zzh
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|o.. oo. |
|..oo = .o |
| ..o*.. ... |
|. o=oo.. o. . |
|.o+o. o.S. . . |
|+..o ..=. . o . |
|=o o .o+. . o |
|oE. . .o+o |
| .. += |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.78.20
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.78.20 (192.168.78.20)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:kb73OzDzJPZ66JJS4YAH0yEN/xtslspyyqDoTV9PuwQ.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.78.20's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.78.20'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
//配置端口转发
[root@zzh webvirtmgr]# ssh 192.168.78.20 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Fri Oct 7 16:04:10 2022 from 192.168.78.1
//配置nginx
[root@zzh ~]# cp /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.bak
[root@zzh ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf^C
//在server参数中进行修改
删除listen [::]:80;行
参数server_name行改成server_name localhost;
删除root /usr/share/nginx/html;行
在include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;行下添加
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name localhost;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
//配置nginx虚拟主机
[root@zzh ~]# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name $hostname;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;
location /static/ {
root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
proxy_connect_timeout 600;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_send_timeout 600;
client_max_body_size 1024M;
}
}
//确保bind绑定本机的8000端口
[root@zzh ~]# grep "bind" /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
# bind - The socket to bind.
bind = '127.0.0.1:8000'
//重启nginx服务，查看端口
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@zzh ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:6080 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::1]:8000 [::]:*
//设置supervisor
[root@zzh ~]# vim /etc/supervisord.conf
//在末行插入以下内容
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx
[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx
//启动并设置开机自启
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl enable --now supervisord.service
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.
//配置nginx用户
[root@zzh ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
[nginx@zzh ~]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:eAzzREPxYbX+6oJ4SBgPLPQtjyd3nQ8di4GNPeZVxLE nginx@kvm
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
| .=.o..oo. |
| . . + . .o. |
| . o .o .=. ..E |
| . * .Bo *.o |
| . O. S+ B.o |
| + *.. * o. |
| = + . o . |
| o o . .. |
| . oo |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[nginx@zzh ~]$ echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" > ~/.ssh/config
[nginx@zzh ~]$ cat .ssh/config
StrictHostKeyChecking=no
UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null
[nginx@zzh ~]$ chmod 600 .ssh/config
[nginx@zzh ~]$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.183.138
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.183.138' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.78.20's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.78.20'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[nginx@zzh ~]$ exit
logout
[root@zzh ~]#
[root@zzh ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@zzh ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd
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