递归

递归

递归的三定律

• 要有基本情况，作为终止条件
• 必须改变状态并向基本情况靠近
• 以递归的方式调用自身

1、将整数转换为任意进制的字符串

def toStr(num, base):
    convertString = "0123456789ABCDEF"
    if num < base:
        return convertString[num]
    else:
        return  toStr(num//base, base) + convertString[num%base]
print(toStr(10,8))
print(toStr(10,2))
print(toStr(78,16))

12
1010
4E

2、螺旋矩

import turtle

myTurtle = turtle.Turtle()
myWin = turtle.Screen()

def drawSpiral(myTurtle, lineLen):
    if lineLen > 0:
        myTurtle.forward(lineLen)
        myTurtle.right(90)
        drawSpiral(myTurtle,lineLen-5)

drawSpiral(myTurtle,200)
myWin.exitonclick()

3、分形树

import turtle

def tree(branchLen,t):
    if branchLen > 5:
        t.forward(branchLen)
        t.right(20)
        tree(branchLen-15,t)
        t.left(40)
        tree(branchLen-15,t)
        t.right(20)
        t.backward(branchLen)

def main():
    t = turtle.Turtle()
    myWin = turtle.Screen()
    t.left(90)
    t.up()
    t.backward(100)
    t.down()
    t.color("green")
    tree(75,t)
    myWin.exitonclick()

main()

3、锡尔宾斯基三角

import turtle

def drawTriangle(points,color,myTurtle):
    myTurtle.fillcolor(color)
    myTurtle.up()
    myTurtle.goto(points[0][0],points[0][1])
    myTurtle.down()
    myTurtle.begin_fill()
    myTurtle.goto(points[1][0],points[1][1])
    myTurtle.goto(points[2][0],points[2][1])
    myTurtle.goto(points[0][0],points[0][1])
    myTurtle.end_fill()

def getMid(p1,p2):
    return ( (p1[0]+p2[0]) / 2, (p1[1] + p2[1]) / 2)

def sierpinski(points,degree,myTurtle):
    colormap = ['blue','red','green','white','yellow',
                'violet','orange']
    drawTriangle(points,colormap[degree],myTurtle)
    if degree > 0:
        sierpinski([points[0],
                        getMid(points[0], points[1]),
                        getMid(points[0], points[2])],
                   degree-1, myTurtle)
        sierpinski([points[1],
                        getMid(points[0], points[1]),
                        getMid(points[1], points[2])],
                   degree-1, myTurtle)
        sierpinski([points[2],
                        getMid(points[2], points[1]),
                        getMid(points[0], points[2])],
                   degree-1, myTurtle)

def main():
    myTurtle = turtle.Turtle()
    myWin = turtle.Screen()
    myPoints = [[-100,-50],[0,100],[100,-50]]
    sierpinski(myPoints,3,myTurtle)
    myWin.exitonclick()

main()

4、河内塔问题

def moveTower(height,fromPole, toPole, withPole):
    if height >= 1:
        moveTower(height-1,fromPole,withPole,toPole)
        moveDisk(fromPole,toPole)
        moveTower(height-1,withPole,toPole,fromPole)
        
def moveDisk(fp,tp):
    print("moving disk from",fp,"to",tp)

moveTower(2,"A","B","C")

moving disk from A to C
moving disk from A to B
moving disk from C to B

5、探索迷宫

import turtle

PART_OF_PATH = 'O'
TRIED = '.'
OBSTACLE = '+'
DEAD_END = '-'

class Maze:
    def __init__(self,mazeFileName):
        rowsInMaze = 0
        columnsInMaze = 0
        self.mazelist = []
        mazeFile = open(mazeFileName,'r')
        rowsInMaze = 0
        for line in mazeFile:
            rowList = []
            col = 0
            for ch in line[:-1]:
                rowList.append(ch)
                if ch == 'S':
                    self.startRow = rowsInMaze
                    self.startCol = col
                col = col + 1
            rowsInMaze = rowsInMaze + 1
            self.mazelist.append(rowList)
            columnsInMaze = len(rowList)

        self.rowsInMaze = rowsInMaze
        self.columnsInMaze = columnsInMaze
        self.xTranslate = -columnsInMaze/2
        self.yTranslate = rowsInMaze/2
        self.t = turtle.Turtle()
        self.t.shape('turtle')
        self.wn = turtle.Screen()
        self.wn.setworldcoordinates(-(columnsInMaze-1)/2-.5,-(rowsInMaze-1)/2-.5,(columnsInMaze-1)/2+.5,(rowsInMaze-1)/2+.5)

    def drawMaze(self):
        self.t.speed(10)
        self.wn.tracer(0)
        for y in range(self.rowsInMaze):
            for x in range(self.columnsInMaze):
                if self.mazelist[y][x] == OBSTACLE:
                    self.drawCenteredBox(x+self.xTranslate,-y+self.yTranslate,'orange')
        self.t.color('black')
        self.t.fillcolor('blue')
        self.wn.update()
        self.wn.tracer(1)

    def drawCenteredBox(self,x,y,color):
        self.t.up()
        self.t.goto(x-.5,y-.5)
        self.t.color(color)
        self.t.fillcolor(color)
        self.t.setheading(90)
        self.t.down()
        self.t.begin_fill()
        for i in range(4):
            self.t.forward(1)
            self.t.right(90)
        self.t.end_fill()

    def moveTurtle(self,x,y):
        self.t.up()
        self.t.setheading(self.t.towards(x+self.xTranslate,-y+self.yTranslate))
        self.t.goto(x+self.xTranslate,-y+self.yTranslate)

    def dropBreadcrumb(self,color):
        self.t.dot(10,color)

    def updatePosition(self,row,col,val=None):
        if val:
            self.mazelist[row][col] = val
        self.moveTurtle(col,row)

        if val == PART_OF_PATH:
            color = 'green'
        elif val == OBSTACLE:
            color = 'red'
        elif val == TRIED:
            color = 'black'
        elif val == DEAD_END:
            color = 'red'
        else:
            color = None

        if color:
            self.dropBreadcrumb(color)

    def isExit(self,row,col):
        return (row == 0 or
                row == self.rowsInMaze-1 or
                col == 0 or
                col == self.columnsInMaze-1 )

    def __getitem__(self,idx):
        return self.mazelist[idx]


def searchFrom(maze, startRow, startColumn):
    # try each of four directions from this point until we find a way out.
    # base Case return values:
    #  1. We have run into an obstacle, return false
    maze.updatePosition(startRow, startColumn)
    if maze[startRow][startColumn] == OBSTACLE :
        return False
    #  2. We have found a square that has already been explored
    if maze[startRow][startColumn] == TRIED or maze[startRow][startColumn] == DEAD_END:
        return False
    # 3. We have found an outside edge not occupied by an obstacle
    if maze.isExit(startRow,startColumn):
        maze.updatePosition(startRow, startColumn, PART_OF_PATH)
        return True
    maze.updatePosition(startRow, startColumn, TRIED)
    # Otherwise, use logical short circuiting to try each direction
    # in turn (if needed)
    found = searchFrom(maze, startRow-1, startColumn) or \
            searchFrom(maze, startRow+1, startColumn) or \
            searchFrom(maze, startRow, startColumn-1) or \
            searchFrom(maze, startRow, startColumn+1)
    if found:
        maze.updatePosition(startRow, startColumn, PART_OF_PATH)
    else:
        maze.updatePosition(startRow, startColumn, DEAD_END)
    return found


myMaze = Maze('maze2.txt')
myMaze.drawMaze()
myMaze.updatePosition(myMaze.startRow,myMaze.startCol)

searchFrom(myMaze, myMaze.startRow, myMaze.startCol)

True

6、动态规划

硬币找零

def recMC(coinValueList,change):
    minCoins = change # 全部使用1美分兑换为硬币最多的情形
    if change in coinValueList:
        return 1
    else:
        for i in [c for c in coinValueList if c <= change]:
            numCoins = 1 + recMC(coinValueList,change-i)
            if numCoins < minCoins:
                minCoins = numCoins
    return minCoins

print(recMC([1,5,10,25],63))

6

• 上述算法非常低效，原因在于有太多的重复计算

#性能更好
def recDC(coinValueList,change,knownResults):
    minCoins = change
    if change in coinValueList:
        knownResults[change] = 1
        return 1
    elif knownResults[change] > 0:
        return knownResults[change]
    else:
        for i in [c for c in coinValueList if c <= change]:
            numCoins = 1 + recDC(coinValueList, change-i,
                              knownResults)
            if numCoins < minCoins:
                minCoins = numCoins
                knownResults[change] = minCoins
    return minCoins

print(recDC([1,5,10,25],63,[0]*64))

6

• 上面的算法并不是真正的动态规划算法，下面使用真正的动态规划

def dpMakeChange(coinValueList,change,minCoins,coinsUsed):
    for cents in range(change+1):
        coinCount = cents
        newCoin = 1
        for j in [c for c in coinValueList if c <= cents]:
            if minCoins[cents-j] + 1 < coinCount:
                coinCount = minCoins[cents-j]+1
                newCoin = j
        minCoins[cents] = coinCount
        coinsUsed[cents] = newCoin
    return minCoins[change]

def printCoins(coinsUsed,change):
    coin = change
    while coin > 0:
        thisCoin = coinsUsed[coin]
        print(thisCoin)
        coin = coin - thisCoin

def main():
    amnt = 63
    clist = [1,5,10,21,25]
    coinsUsed = [0]*(amnt+1)
    coinCount = [0]*(amnt+1)

    print("Making change for",amnt,"requires：")
    print(dpMakeChange(clist,amnt,coinCount,coinsUsed),"coins")
    print("They are:")
    printCoins(coinsUsed,amnt)
    print("The used list is as follows:")
    print(coinsUsed)

main()

Making change for 63 requires：
3 coins
They are:
21
21
21
The used list is as follows:
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 21, 1, 1, 1, 25, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 10, 1, 1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 10, 21, 1, 1, 10, 21, 1, 1, 1, 25, 1, 10, 1, 1, 5, 10, 1, 1, 1, 10, 1, 10, 21]