urcore-lab1

练习1：理解通过make生成执行文件的过程

首先查看makefile文件：

在这里插入代码片PROJ	:= challenge
EMPTY	:=
SPACE	:= $(EMPTY) $(EMPTY)
SLASH	:= /

V       := @
#need llvm/cang-3.5+
#USELLVM := 1
# try to infer the correct GCCPREFX
ifndef GCCPREFIX
GCCPREFIX := $(shell if i386-elf-objdump -i 2>&1 | grep '^elf32-i386$$' >/dev/null 2>&1; \
	then echo 'i386-elf-'; \
	elif objdump -i 2>&1 | grep 'elf32-i386' >/dev/null 2>&1; \
	then echo ''; \
	else echo "***" 1>&2; \
	echo "*** Error: Couldn't find an i386-elf version of GCC/binutils." 1>&2; \
	echo "*** Is the directory with i386-elf-gcc in your PATH?" 1>&2; \
	echo "*** If your i386-elf toolchain is installed with a command" 1>&2; \
	echo "*** prefix other than 'i386-elf-', set your GCCPREFIX" 1>&2; \
	echo "*** environment variable to that prefix and run 'make' again." 1>&2; \
	echo "*** To turn off this error, run 'gmake GCCPREFIX= ...'." 1>&2; \
	echo "***" 1>&2; exit 1; fi)
endif

# try to infer the correct QEMU
ifndef QEMU
QEMU := $(shell if which qemu-system-i386 > /dev/null; \
	then echo 'qemu-system-i386'; exit; \
	elif which i386-elf-qemu > /dev/null; \
	then echo 'i386-elf-qemu'; exit; \
	elif which qemu > /dev/null; \
	then echo 'qemu'; exit; \
	else \
	echo "***" 1>&2; \
	echo "*** Error: Couldn't find a working QEMU executable." 1>&2; \
	echo "*** Is the directory containing the qemu binary in your PATH" 1>&2; \
	echo "***" 1>&2; exit 1; fi)
endif

# eliminate default suffix rules
.SUFFIXES: .c .S .h

# delete target files if there is an error (or make is interrupted)
.DELETE_ON_ERROR:

# define compiler and flags
ifndef  USELLVM
HOSTCC		:= gcc
HOSTCFLAGS	:= -g -Wall -O2
CC		:= $(GCCPREFIX)gcc
CFLAGS	:= -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc $(DEFS)
CFLAGS	+= $(shell $(CC) -fno-stack-protector -E -x c /dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo -fno-stack-protector)
else
HOSTCC		:= clang
HOSTCFLAGS	:= -g -Wall -O2
CC		:= clang
CFLAGS	:= -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -g -m32 -nostdinc $(DEFS)
CFLAGS	+= $(shell $(CC) -fno-stack-protector -E -x c /dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo -fno-stack-protector)
endif

CTYPE	:= c S

LD      := $(GCCPREFIX)ld
LDFLAGS	:= -m $(shell $(LD) -V | grep elf_i386 2>/dev/null | head -n 1)
LDFLAGS	+= -nostdlib

OBJCOPY := $(GCCPREFIX)objcopy
OBJDUMP := $(GCCPREFIX)objdump

COPY	:= cp
MKDIR   := mkdir -p
MV		:= mv
RM		:= rm -f
AWK		:= awk
SED		:= sed
SH		:= sh
TR		:= tr
TOUCH	:= touch -c

OBJDIR	:= obj
BINDIR	:= bin

ALLOBJS	:=
ALLDEPS	:=
TARGETS	:=

include tools/function.mk

listf_cc = $(call listf,$(1),$(CTYPE))

# for cc
add_files_cc = $(call add_files,$(1),$(CC),$(CFLAGS) $(3),$(2),$(4))
create_target_cc = $(call create_target,$(1),$(2),$(3),$(CC),$(CFLAGS))

# for hostcc
add_files_host = $(call add_files,$(1),$(HOSTCC),$(HOSTCFLAGS),$(2),$(3))
create_target_host = $(call create_target,$(1),$(2),$(3),$(HOSTCC),$(HOSTCFLAGS))

cgtype = $(patsubst %.$(2),%.$(3),$(1))
objfile = $(call toobj,$(1))
asmfile = $(call cgtype,$(call toobj,$(1)),o,asm)
outfile = $(call cgtype,$(call toobj,$(1)),o,out)
symfile = $(call cgtype,$(call toobj,$(1)),o,sym)

# for match pattern
match = $(shell echo $(2) | $(AWK) '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){if(match("$(1)","^"$$(i)"$$")){exit 1;}}}'; echo $$?)

# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
# include kernel/user

INCLUDE	+= libs/

CFLAGS	+= $(addprefix -I,$(INCLUDE))

LIBDIR	+= libs

$(call add_files_cc,$(call listf_cc,$(LIBDIR)),libs,)

# -------------------------------------------------------------------
# kernel

KINCLUDE	+= kern/debug/ \
			   kern/driver/ \
			   kern/trap/ \
			   kern/mm/

KSRCDIR		+= kern/init \
			   kern/libs \
			   kern/debug \
			   kern/driver \
			   kern/trap \
			   kern/mm

KCFLAGS		+= $(addprefix -I,$(KINCLUDE))

$(call add_files_cc,$(call listf_cc,$(KSRCDIR)),kernel,$(KCFLAGS))

KOBJS	= $(call read_packet,kernel libs)

# create kernel target
kernel = $(call totarget,kernel)

$(kernel): tools/kernel.ld

$(kernel): $(KOBJS)
	@echo + ld $@
	$(V)$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -T tools/kernel.ld -o $@ $(KOBJS)
	@$(OBJDUMP) -S $@ > $(call asmfile,kernel)
	@$(OBJDUMP) -t $@ | $(SED) '1,/SYMBOL TABLE/d; s/ .* / /; /^$$/d' > $(call symfile,kernel)

$(call create_target,kernel)

# -------------------------------------------------------------------

# create bootblock
bootfiles = $(call listf_cc,boot)
$(foreach f,$(bootfiles),$(call cc_compile,$(f),$(CC),$(CFLAGS) -Os -nostdinc))

bootblock = $(call totarget,bootblock)

$(bootblock): $(call toobj,$(bootfiles)) | $(call totarget,sign)
	@echo + ld $@
	$(V)$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -N -e start -Ttext 0x7C00 $^ -o $(call toobj,bootblock)
	@$(OBJDUMP) -S $(call objfile,bootblock) > $(call asmfile,bootblock)
	@$(OBJCOPY) -S -O binary $(call objfile,bootblock) $(call outfile,bootblock)
	@$(call totarget,sign) $(call outfile,bootblock) $(bootblock)

$(call create_target,bootblock)

# -------------------------------------------------------------------

# create 'sign' tools
$(call add_files_host,tools/sign.c,sign,sign)
$(call create_target_host,sign,sign)

# -------------------------------------------------------------------

# create ucore.img
UCOREIMG	:= $(call totarget,ucore.img)

$(UCOREIMG): $(kernel) $(bootblock)
	$(V)dd if=/dev/zero of=$@ count=10000
	$(V)dd if=$(bootblock) of=$@ conv=notrunc
	$(V)dd if=$(kernel) of=$@ seek=1 conv=notrunc

$(call create_target,ucore.img)

# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

$(call finish_all)

IGNORE_ALLDEPS	= clean \
				  dist-clean \
				  grade \
				  touch \
				  print-.+ \
				  handin

ifeq ($(call match,$(MAKECMDGOALS),$(IGNORE_ALLDEPS)),0)
-include $(ALLDEPS)
endif

# files for grade script

TARGETS: $(TARGETS)

.DEFAULT_GOAL := TARGETS

.PHONY: qemu qemu-nox debug debug-nox
qemu-mon: $(UCOREIMG)
	$(V)$(QEMU)  -no-reboot -monitor stdio -hda $< -serial null
qemu: $(UCOREIMG)
	$(V)$(QEMU) -no-reboot -parallel stdio -hda $< -serial null
log: $(UCOREIMG)
	$(V)$(QEMU) -no-reboot -d int,cpu_reset  -D q.log -parallel stdio -hda $< -serial null
qemu-nox: $(UCOREIMG)
	$(V)$(QEMU)   -no-reboot -serial mon:stdio -hda $< -nographic
TERMINAL        :=gnome-terminal
debug: $(UCOREIMG)
	$(V)$(QEMU) -S -s -parallel stdio -hda $< -serial null &
	$(V)sleep 2
	$(V)$(TERMINAL) -e "gdb -q -tui -x tools/gdbinit"
	
debug-nox: $(UCOREIMG)
	$(V)$(QEMU) -S -s -serial mon:stdio -hda $< -nographic &
	$(V)sleep 2
	$(V)$(TERMINAL) -e "gdb -q -x tools/gdbinit"

.PHONY: grade touch

GRADE_GDB_IN	:= .gdb.in
GRADE_QEMU_OUT	:= .qemu.out
HANDIN			:= proj$(PROJ)-handin.tar.gz

TOUCH_FILES		:= kern/trap/trap.c

MAKEOPTS		:= --quiet --no-print-directory

grade:
	$(V)$(MAKE) $(MAKEOPTS) clean
	$(V)$(SH) tools/grade.sh

touch:
	$(V)$(foreach f,$(TOUCH_FILES),$(TOUCH) $(f))

print-%:
	@echo $($(shell echo $(patsubst print-%,%,$@) | $(TR) [a-z] [A-Z]))

.PHONY: clean dist-clean handin packall tags
clean:
	$(V)$(RM) $(GRADE_GDB_IN) $(GRADE_QEMU_OUT) cscope* tags
	-$(RM) -r $(OBJDIR) $(BINDIR)

dist-clean: clean
	-$(RM) $(HANDIN)

handin: packall
	@echo Please visit http://learn.tsinghua.edu.cn and upload $(HANDIN). Thanks!

packall: clean
	@$(RM) -f $(HANDIN)
	@tar -czf $(HANDIN) `find . -type f -o -type d | grep -v '^\.*$$' | grep -vF '$(HANDIN)'`

tags:
	@echo TAGS ALL
	$(V)rm -f cscope.files cscope.in.out cscope.out cscope.po.out tags
	$(V)find . -type f -name "*.[chS]" >cscope.files
	$(V)cscope -bq 
	$(V)ctags -L cscope.files

make “V=” 命令查看具体操作，并重定向到一个文本里
文本内容：

+ cc kern/init/init.c
gcc -Ikern/init/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/init/init.c -o obj/kern/init/init.o
+ cc kern/libs/stdio.c
gcc -Ikern/libs/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/libs/stdio.c -o obj/kern/libs/stdio.o
+ cc kern/libs/readline.c
gcc -Ikern/libs/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/libs/readline.c -o obj/kern/libs/readline.o
+ cc kern/debug/panic.c
gcc -Ikern/debug/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/debug/panic.c -o obj/kern/debug/panic.o
+ cc kern/debug/kdebug.c
gcc -Ikern/debug/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/debug/kdebug.c -o obj/kern/debug/kdebug.o
+ cc kern/debug/kmonitor.c
gcc -Ikern/debug/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/debug/kmonitor.c -o obj/kern/debug/kmonitor.o
+ cc kern/driver/clock.c
gcc -Ikern/driver/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/driver/clock.c -o obj/kern/driver/clock.o
+ cc kern/driver/console.c
gcc -Ikern/driver/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/driver/console.c -o obj/kern/driver/console.o
+ cc kern/driver/picirq.c
gcc -Ikern/driver/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/driver/picirq.c -o obj/kern/driver/picirq.o
+ cc kern/driver/intr.c
gcc -Ikern/driver/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/driver/intr.c -o obj/kern/driver/intr.o
+ cc kern/trap/trap.c
gcc -Ikern/trap/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/trap/trap.c -o obj/kern/trap/trap.o
+ cc kern/trap/vectors.S
gcc -Ikern/trap/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/trap/vectors.S -o obj/kern/trap/vectors.o
+ cc kern/trap/trapentry.S
gcc -Ikern/trap/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/trap/trapentry.S -o obj/kern/trap/trapentry.o
+ cc kern/mm/pmm.c
gcc -Ikern/mm/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Ikern/debug/ -Ikern/driver/ -Ikern/trap/ -Ikern/mm/ -c kern/mm/pmm.c -o obj/kern/mm/pmm.o
+ cc libs/string.c
gcc -Ilibs/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/  -c libs/string.c -o obj/libs/string.o
+ cc libs/printfmt.c
gcc -Ilibs/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/  -c libs/printfmt.c -o obj/libs/printfmt.o
+ ld bin/kernel
ld -m    elf_i386 -nostdlib -T tools/kernel.ld -o bin/kernel  obj/kern/init/init.o obj/kern/libs/stdio.o obj/kern/libs/readline.o obj/kern/debug/panic.o obj/kern/debug/kdebug.o obj/kern/debug/kmonitor.o obj/kern/driver/clock.o obj/kern/driver/console.o obj/kern/driver/picirq.o obj/kern/driver/intr.o obj/kern/trap/trap.o obj/kern/trap/vectors.o obj/kern/trap/trapentry.o obj/kern/mm/pmm.o  obj/libs/string.o obj/libs/printfmt.o
+ cc boot/bootasm.S
gcc -Iboot/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Os -nostdinc -c boot/bootasm.S -o obj/boot/bootasm.o
+ cc boot/bootmain.c
gcc -Iboot/ -march=i686 -fno-builtin -fno-PIC -Wall -ggdb -m32 -gstabs -nostdinc  -fno-stack-protector -Ilibs/ -Os -nostdinc -c boot/bootmain.c -o obj/boot/bootmain.o
+ cc tools/sign.c
gcc -Itools/ -g -Wall -O2 -c tools/sign.c -o obj/sign/tools/sign.o
gcc -g -Wall -O2 obj/sign/tools/sign.o -o bin/sign
+ ld bin/bootblock
ld -m    elf_i386 -nostdlib -N -e start -Ttext 0x7C00 obj/boot/bootasm.o obj/boot/bootmain.o -o obj/bootblock.o
'obj/bootblock.out' size: 484 bytes
build 512 bytes boot sector: 'bin/bootblock' success!
dd if=/dev/zero of=bin/ucore.img count=10000
dd if=bin/bootblock of=bin/ucore.img conv=notrunc
dd if=bin/kernel of=bin/ucore.img seek=1 conv=notrunc

各行前面的+是编译指令
至于上述命令的具体参数，查阅资料罗列如下：

-m32 生成适用于32位环境的代码
-gstabs 生成stabs格式的调试信息
-nostdinc 不使用标准库
-Os 为减小代码大小而进行优化
-fno-builtin 不进行builtin函数的优化
-I（大写的i） 可指定查找include文件的其他位置.例如,如果有些include文件位于比较特殊的地方。
-Wall 以最高级别使用GNU编译程序,专门用于显示警告用!
-o 制定目标名称, 默认的时候, gcc 编译出来的文件是 a.out
-march 设置CPU类型，可以选择 i8086, i186, i286, i386, i486,等
g 生成gdb的调试信息
-fno-stack-protector 不生成栈溢出保护
练习1-2
一个被系统认为是符合规范的硬盘主引导扇区的特征有以下几点：

• 磁盘主引导扇区只有512字节

• 磁盘最后两个字节为0x55AA