一、KNN算法介绍
1. 综述
1.1 Cover和Hart在1968年提出了最初的邻近算法
1.2 分类(classification)算法
1.3 输入基于实例的学习(instance-based learning), 懒惰学习(lazy learning)
- 例子:
未知电影属于什么类型?
算法详述
3.1 步骤:
为了判断未知实例的类别,以所有已知类别的实例作为参照
选择参数K
计算未知实例与所有已知实例的距离
选择最近K个已知实例
根据少数服从多数的投票法则(majority-voting),让未知实例归类为K个最邻近样本中最多数的类别3.2 细节:
关于K
关于距离的衡量方法:
3.2.1 Euclidean Distance 定义
其他距离衡量:余弦值(cos), 相关度 (correlation), 曼哈顿距离 (Manhattan distance)
3.3 举例
算法优缺点:
4.1 算法优点
简单
易于理解
容易实现
通过对K的选择可具备丢噪音数据的健壮性4.2 算法缺点
需要大量空间储存所有已知实例
算法复杂度高(需要比较所有已知实例与要分类的实例)
当其样本分布不平衡时,比如其中一类样本过大(实例数量过多)占主导的时候,新的未知实例容易被归类为这个主导样本,因为这类样本实例的数量过大,但这个新的未知实例实际并木接近目标样本(如图中的Y点所示)改进版本
考虑距离,根据距离加上权重(如图Y点可以加权重)
比如: 1/d (d: 距离)
二、KNN算法应用
1 数据集介绍:
虹膜
150个实例
萼片长度,萼片宽度,花瓣长度,花瓣宽度
(sepal length, sepal width, petal length and petal width)
类别:
Iris setosa, Iris versicolor, Iris virginica.
- 利用Python的机器学习库sklearn: SkLearnExample.py(内部有虹膜实例及其算法)
from sklearn import neighbors
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.neighbors.classification import KNeighborsClassifier
from docutils.nodes import target
knn = KNeighborsClassifier() #实例化分类器
iris = datasets.load_iris() #加载数据集
print(iris)
knn.fit(iris.data, iris.target)
predictedLabel = knn.predict([[0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4]])
print(predictedLabel)
- KNN 实现Implementation:
import csv
import random
import math
import operator
def loadDataset(filename, split, trainingSet=[] , testSet=[]):
with open(filename, 'rt',encoding="utf-8") as csvfile: #含有中文路径需要加encoding="utf-8"
lines = csv.reader(csvfile)
dataset = list(lines)
for x in range(len(dataset)-1):
for y in range(4):
dataset[x][y] = float(dataset[x][y])
if random.random() < split:
trainingSet.append(dataset[x])
else:
testSet.append(dataset[x])
def euclideanDistance(instance1,instance2,length):
distance = 0
for x in range(length):
distance +=pow((instance1[x]-instance2[x]),2)
return math.sqrt(distance)
def getNeighbors(trainingSet, testInstance, k):
distances = []
length = len(testInstance)-1
for x in range(len(trainingSet)):
dist = euclideanDistance(testInstance, trainingSet[x], length)
distances.append((trainingSet[x], dist))
distances.sort(key=operator.itemgetter(1))
neighbors = []
for x in range(k):
neighbors.append(distances[x][0])
return neighbors
def getResponse(neighbors):
classVotes = {}
for x in range(len(neighbors)):
response = neighbors[x][-1]
if response in classVotes:
classVotes[response] += 1
else:
classVotes[response] = 1
sortedVotes = sorted(classVotes.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
return sortedVotes[0][0]
def getAccuracy(testSet, predictions):
correct = 0
for x in range(len(testSet)):
if testSet[x][-1] == predictions[x]:
correct += 1
return (correct/float(len(testSet))) * 100.0
def main():
# prepare data
trainingSet=[]
testSet=[]
split = 0.67
loadDataset(r'G:\机器视觉\irisdata.txt', split, trainingSet, testSet)
print ('Train set: ' + repr(len(trainingSet)))
print ('Test set: ' + repr(len(testSet)))
# generate predictions
predictions=[]
k = 3
for x in range(len(testSet)):
neighbors = getNeighbors(trainingSet, testSet[x], k)
result = getResponse(neighbors)
predictions.append(result)
print('> predicted=' + repr(result) + ', actual=' + repr(testSet[x][-1]))
accuracy = getAccuracy(testSet, predictions)
print('Accuracy: ' + repr(accuracy) + '%')
main()