Algorithm: General细节实现

提纲：

157. Read N Characters Given Read4

158. Read N Characters Given Read4 II - Call multiple times

157. Read N Characters Given Read4

The API: int read4(char *buf) reads 4 characters at a time from a file.
The return value is the actual number of characters read. For example, it returns 3 if there is only 3 characters left in the file.
By using the read4 API, implement the function int read(char *buf, int n) that reads n characters from the file.
Note:
The read function will only be called once for each test case.

思路（参考：https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000003794420）：

用一个临时数组，存放每次read4读到字符，再用一个指针标记buf数组目前存储到的位置，然后将这个临时数组的内容存到buf相应的位置就行了。这里需要注意两个corner case：
1. 如果本次读到多个字符，但是我们只需要其中一部分就能完成读取任务时，我们要拷贝的长度是本次读到的个数和剩余所需个数中较小的

2. 如果read4没有读满4个，说明数据已经读完，这时候对于读到的数据长度，因为也可能存在我们只需要其中一部分的情况，所以要返回总所需长度和目前已经读到的长度的较小的

/* The read4 API is defined in the parent class Reader4.
      int read4(char[] buf); */

public class Solution extends Reader4 {
    /**
     * @param buf Destination buffer
     * @param n   Maximum number of characters to read
     * @return    The number of characters read
     */
    public int read(char[] buf, int n) {
        int total = 0;
        char[] tmp = new char[4];
        
        while (total < n) { // can write
            int res = read4(tmp);
            for (int i = 0; i < res && total < n; ++i) {
                buf[total++] = tmp[i];
            }
            if (res != 4) {
                // cannot read
                break;
            }
        }
        
        return total;
    }
}

158. Read N Characters Given Read4 II - Call multiple times

The API: int read4(char *buf) reads 4 characters at a time from a file.
The return value is the actual number of characters read. For example, it returns 3 if there is only 3 characters left in the file.
By using the read4 API, implement the function int read(char *buf, int n) that reads n characters from the file.
Note:

The read function may be called multiple times.

思路：难点是，如果上次因为total < n的限制没有写到文件但已经读进来的内容。下一次调用read的时候需要恢复。可以用先进先出的思路解决。

参考：https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000003794420

因为要调用多次，这里又多了一些corner case：

第一次调用时，如果read4读出的多余字符我们要先将其暂存起来，这样第二次调用时先读取这些暂存的字符

第二次调用时，如果连暂存字符都没读完，那么这些暂存字符还得留给第三次调用时使用

所以，难点就在于怎么处理这个暂存字符。因为用数组和指针控制对第二种情况比较麻烦，且这些字符满足先进先出，所以我们可以用一个队列暂存这些字符。这样，只要队列不为空，就先读取队列。

public class Solution extends Reader4 {
    Queue<Character> buffer = new LinkedList<>();
    /**
     * @param buf Destination buffer
     * @param n   Maximum number of characters to read
     * @return    The number of characters read
     */
    public int read(char[] buf, int n) {
        int total = 0;
        char[] tmp = new char[4];
        
        while (buffer.isEmpty() == false && total < n) {
            buf[total++] = buffer.poll();
        }
        
        while (total < n) {
            int res = read4(tmp);
            for (int i = 0; i < res; ++i) {
                if (total >= n) {
                    buffer.offer(tmp[i]);
                } else {
                    buf[total++] = tmp[i];
                }
            }
            if (res != 4) {
                break;
            }
        }
        return total;
    }
}