【实对称矩阵的对角化2】

8、设3阶对称矩阵$A$的特征值为${\lambda }_1=1,{\lambda }_2=-1,{\lambda }_3=0$，对应${\lambda }_1,{\lambda }_2$的特征向量依次为$p_1=(1,2,2{)}^T,p_2=(2,1,-2{)}^T$，求$A$。

解：$A$为对称矩阵，有正交矩阵$Q=(q_1,q_2,q_3)$使$Q^{T}AQ=\Lambda =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& -1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)$
$$\begin{gathered} q_1=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 2\\ 2\end{array}\right),q_2=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ 1\\ -2\end{array}\right) \\ {q}_3\text{与}{p}_1,p_2\text{正交}\Rightarrow p_1^T{q}_3=0,p_2^T{q}_3=0\Rightarrow \left(\begin{array}{c}{p}_1^T\\ p_2^T\end{array}\right)x=0 \\ \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 2\\ 2& 1& -2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 2\\ 0& -3& -6\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 2\\ 0& 1& 2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& -2\\ 0& 1& 2\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_3=\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ -2\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \text{单位化}{q}_3=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{c}2\\ -2\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow Q=\frac{1}{27}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 2\\ 2& 1& -2\\ 2& -2& 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow Q^{-1}=3\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 2\\ 2& 1& -2\\ 2& -2& 1\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow Q^{-1}AQ=\Lambda \\ A=QA{Q}^{-1}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-\frac{1}{3}& 0& \frac{2}{3}\\ 0& \frac{1}{3}& \frac{2}{3}\\ \frac{2}{3}& \frac{2}{3}& 0\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

9、设3阶对称矩阵$A$的特征值${\lambda }_1=6,{\lambda }_2={\lambda }_3=3$，与特征值${\lambda }_1=6$对应的特征向量为$p_1=(1,1,1{)}^T$，求$A$。

解：设$A$对应于$\lambda =3$的两个线性无关的特征向量为$p_2,p_3$
$$\begin{gathered} \{\begin{array}{l}{p}_1^T{p}_2=0\\ p_1^T{p}_3=0\end{array}\Rightarrow p_1^{T}x=0 \\ (1,1,1)\Rightarrow {\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),{\xi }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \text{正交化}{\eta }_1={\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),{\eta }_2={\xi }_2-\frac{[{\eta }_1,{\xi }_2]}{[{\eta }_1,{\eta }_1]}\cdot {\eta }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right)-\frac{1}{1+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}-\frac{1}{2}\\ -\frac{1}{2}\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \text{单位化}{p}_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right),p_3=\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -1\\ 2\end{array}\right),p_1^{\prime }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow Q=(p_1^{\prime },p_2,p_3)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}& -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& -\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}& 0& \frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow Q^{-1}AQ=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}6& 0& 0\\ 0& 3& 0\\ 0& 0& 3\end{array}\right),Q=\frac{1}{6}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& -1& -1\\ 1& 1& -1\\ 1& 0& 2\end{array}\right),Q^{-1}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 2& 2\\ -3& 3& 0\\ -1& -1& 2\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow A=Q\Lambda Q^{-1}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}4& 1& 1\\ 1& 4& 1\\ 1& 1& 4\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

10、设$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 1& 2\\ 1& 2& 2\\ 2& 2& 1\end{array}\right)$，求$\phi (A)=A^{10}-6A^9+5A^8$。

解：
$$\begin{gathered} \text{令}|A-\lambda E|=0=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}2-\lambda & 1& 2\\ 1& 2-\lambda & 2\\ 2& 2& 1-\lambda \end{array}\right|=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}5-\lambda & 1& 2\\ 5-\lambda & 2-\lambda & 2\\ 5-\lambda & 2& 1-\lambda \end{array}\right| \\ =(5-\lambda )\left|\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 2\\ 0& 1-\lambda & 0\\ 0& 1& -1-\lambda \end{array}\right|=(5-\lambda )(1-\lambda )(1+\lambda ) \\ {\lambda }_1=-1,{\lambda }_2=1,{\lambda }_3=5 \\ \Rightarrow \exists \text{正交矩阵}Q,\text{使}{Q}^{T}AQ=Q^{-1}AQ=\Lambda \end{gathered}$$

1）${\lambda }_1=-1$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}3& 1& 2\\ 1& 3& 2\\ 2& 2& 2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\\ 1& 3& 2\\ 3& 1& 2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\\ 0& 2& 1\\ 0& -2& -1\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\\ 0& 1& \frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& \frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 1& \frac{1}{2}\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow {\xi }_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -1\\ 2\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ -1\\ 2\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$

2）${\lambda }_2=1$时，
$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 2\\ 1& 1& 2\\ 2& 2& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 2\\ 0& 0& -4\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{c}-1\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right)$$

3）${\lambda }_3=5$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \left(\begin{array}{ccc}-3& 1& 2\\ 1& -3& 2\\ 2& 2& -4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& -2\\ 1& -3& 2\\ -3& 1& 2\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& -2\\ 0& -4& 4\\ 0& 4& -4\end{array}\right)\to \left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& -1\\ 0& 1& -1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow {\xi }_3=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\\ 1\end{array}\right)\Rightarrow p_2=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\\ 1\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow Q=\frac{1}{6}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& -1& 1\\ -1& 1& 1\\ 2& 0& 1\end{array}\right),Q^{-1}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& -1& 2\\ -3& 3& 0\\ 2& 2& 2\end{array}\right) \\ \Rightarrow \phi (A)=Q\phi (\Lambda )Q^{-1},\phi (\Lambda )={\lambda }^{10}-6{\lambda }^9+5{\lambda }^8,\phi (-1)=12,\phi (1)=0,\phi (5)=0 \\ \Rightarrow \phi (A)=\frac{1}{6}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& -1& 1\\ -1& 1& 1\\ 2& 0& 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}12& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-1& -1& 2\\ -3& 3& 0\\ 2& 2& 2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}2& 2& -4\\ 2& 2& -4\\ -4& -4& 8s\end{array}\right) \end{gathered}$$