MySQL(七)：索引优化

一. 索引单表优化案例

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS article(
id INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
author_id INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
category_id INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
views INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
comments INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
content TEXT NOT NULL
);

INSERT INTO article(author_id,category_id,views,comments,title,content) VALUES
(1,1,1,1,'1','1'),
(2,2,2,2,'2','2'),
(1,1,3,3,'3','3');

1.查询category_id为1且comments大于1的情况下，views最多的article_id

结论：type是all，即最坏的情况。Extra中还出现了Using filesort,也是最坏的情况，优化是必须的。

2.开始优化
2.1 新建索引

二. 索引两表优化案例

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `class` (
`id` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`card` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `book` (
`bookid` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`card` INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`bookid`)
);

INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));


INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1 + (RAND() * 20)));

type为ALL。

• 加索引
  
  可以看到第二行的 type 变为了 ref,rows 也变成了1,优化比较明显。这是由左连接特性决定的。LEFT JOIN 条件用于确定如何从右表搜索行,左边一定都有,所以右边是我们的关键点,一定需要建立索引。

• 删除旧索引 + 新建 + 第3次explain
  
  Right Join同理。Right Join条件用于确定如何从左表搜索行，右边一定都有，所以左边是我们的关键点，一定需要建立索引。

三. 索引三表优化案例
清除上面book和class建立的索引。

Alter table phone add index Z('card');
Alter table book add index Y('card');

后2行的type都是ref，且总rows优化很好，因此索引最好设置在需要经常查询的字段中。

四. 索引失效

• 全值匹配我最爱：按顺序匹配
• 最佳左前缀法则：带头大哥不能死，中间兄弟不能断
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  范围之后全失效。
  
  
  
  
  
• 字符串不加单引号索引失效。