Java多线程编程核心技术---单例模式与多线程

立即加载/饿汉模式

立即加载就是使用类的时候已经将对象创建完毕。

public class MyObject {
    //立即加载方式==饿汉模式
    private static MyObject myObject = new MyObject();
    private MyObject(){
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance(){
        //立即加载
        //缺点是不能有其他实例变量
        //getInstance()方法没有同步,有可能出现非线程安全问题
        return myObject;
    }
}

public class MyThread extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(MyObject.getInstance().hashCode());
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t3 = new MyThread();
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t3.start();
    }
}

运行程序,控制台打印结果如下:

1795478472
1795478472
1795478472

控制台打印的hashCode是同一个值,说明对象是同一个,也就实现了立即加载型单例模式。


延迟加载/懒汉模式

延迟加载就是在调用get()方法时实例才被创建

public class MyObject {
    private static MyObject myObject;
    private MyObject(){
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance() {
        //延迟加载
        if (myObject != null) {
            return myObject;
        }
        myObject = new MyObject();
        return myObject;
    }
}

public class MyThread extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(MyObject.getInstance().hashCode());
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
        t1.start();
    }
}

程序运行结果如下:

1396452035

此实验虽然取得一个对象的实例,但是如果是在多线程环境中,就会出现取出多个实例的情况。对以上代码中的main函数做如下修改:

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t3 = new MyThread();
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t3.start();
    }
}

重新运行程序,控制台打印结果如下:

166471260
1795478472
1858758426

控制台打印了三个不同的hashCode,说明并没有实现单例模式。


延迟加载/懒汉模式 解决方案
public class MyObject {
    private static MyObject myObject;
    private MyObject(){
    }
    //整个方法上锁,效率较低
    synchronized public static MyObject getInstance() {
        //延迟加载
        if (myObject != null) {
            return myObject;
        }
        try {
        //模拟一些耗时操作
                Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        myObject = new MyObject();
        return myObject;
    }
}

重新运行程序,控制台将打印出三个一样的hashCode。

以上方法对整个方法加锁,效率比较低。对以上代码做如下修改:

public class MyObject {
    private static MyObject myObject;
    private MyObject(){
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance() {
        //延迟加载
        if (myObject != null) {
            return myObject;
        }
        try {
            //模拟一个耗时操作
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        synchronized (MyObject.class) {
            myObject = new MyObject();
        }
        return myObject;
    }
}

重新运行程序,控制台打印结果如下:

774088025
641502649
1367113803

以上代码虽然解决的效率问题,但是仍然没有保证只创建一个实例。继续对以上代码做如下修改:

public class MyObject {
    private static MyObject myObject;
    private MyObject(){
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance() {
        //延迟加载
        if (myObject != null) {
            return myObject;
        }
        try {
            //模拟一个耗时操作
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        synchronized (MyObject.class) {
            if (myObject == null) {
                myObject = new MyObject();
            }
        }
        return myObject;
    }
}

重新运行程序,控制台输入结果如下:

641502649
641502649
641502649

使用双重检查锁(DCL)功能,成功解决了懒汉模式遇到的多线程问题。DCL也是大多数多线程结合单例模式使用的解决方案。


使用静态内置类实现单例模式
public class MyObject {
    private static class MyObjectHandler{
        private static MyObject myObject = new MyObject();
    }
    private MyObject(){
        
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance () {
        return MyObjectHandler.myObject;
    }
}

运行程序,控制台输出结果如下:

774088025
774088025
774088025

序列化与反序列化的单例模式实现
public class MyObject implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    private static class MyObjectHandler{
        private static MyObject myObject = new MyObject();
    }
    private MyObject(){
        
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance () {
        return MyObjectHandler.myObject;
    }
}

public class SaveAndRead {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {//序列化对象到磁盘
            MyObject myObject = MyObject.getInstance();
            FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(new File("/Users/shangyidong/Downloads/myObjectFile.txt"));
            ObjectOutputStream objectOutput = new ObjectOutputStream(fileOutputStream);
            objectOutput.writeObject(myObject);
            objectOutput.close();
            fileOutputStream.close();
            System.out.println(myObject.hashCode());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        /****************/
        try {//从磁盘反序列化到对象
            FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(new File("/Users/shangyidong/Downloads/myObjectFile.txt"));
            ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(fileInputStream);
            MyObject myObject = (MyObject) objectInputStream.readObject();
            objectInputStream.close();
            fileInputStream.close();
            System.out.println(myObject.hashCode());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

运行程序,控制台打印结果如下:

988487739
1878277481

控制台打印出的hashCode不同,存储到磁盘上的对象和从磁盘读取出来的对象并不是同一个对象。对以上代码做如下修改:

public class MyObject implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    private static class MyObjectHandler{
        private static MyObject myObject = new MyObject();
    }
    private MyObject(){
        
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance () {
        return MyObjectHandler.myObject;
    }
    protected Object readResolve(){
        System.out.println("readResolve invoked");
        return MyObjectHandler.myObject;
    }
}

重新运行程序,控制台打印结果如下:

1066557918
readResolve invoked
1066557918

反序列化时使用了ReadResolve()方法,存储到磁盘上的对象和从磁盘上取出来的对象是同一个对象。


使用static代码块实现单例模式

静态代码块中的代码在使用类的时候就已经执行了,所以可以应用静态代码块的这个特性来实现单例模式。

public class MyObject {
    private static MyObject myObject = null;
    private MyObject(){
        
    }
    static{
        myObject = new MyObject();
    }
    public static MyObject getInstance() {
        return myObject;
    }
}

public class MyThread extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            System.out.println(MyObject.getInstance().hashCode());
        }
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t3 = new MyThread();
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t3.start();
    }
}

运行程序,控制台输出结果如下:

708252873
708252873
708252873
708252873
708252873
708252873
708252873
708252873
708252873

使用enum枚举数据类型实现单例模式

枚举enum和静态代码块的特性相似,在使用枚举类时,构造方法会被自动调用,也可以实现单例设计模式。

public enum MyObject {
    connectionFactory;
    private Connection connection;
    private MyObject(){
        try {
            System.out.println("创建MyObject对象");
            String url = "jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/test";
            String user = "root"; 
            String password = "";
            String driver = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
            Class.forName(driver);
            connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    public Connection getConnection() {
        return connection;
    }
}

public class MyThread extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            System.out.println(MyObject.connectionFactory.getConnection().hashCode());
        }
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t3 = new MyThread();
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t3.start();
    }
}

运行程序,控制台打印结果如下:

创建MyObject对象
1253195928
1253195928
1253195928
1253195928
1253195928
1253195928
1253195928
1253195928
1253195928

完善使用enum枚举实现单例模式

上面的代码中将枚举类进行了暴露,违反了“职责单一原则”。下面进行改善:

public class MyObject {
    public enum MyEnumSingleton{
        connectionFactory;
        private Connection connection;
        private MyEnumSingleton(){
            try {
                System.out.println("创建MyObject对象");
                String url = "jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/test";
                String user = "root"; 
                String password = "";
                String driver = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
                Class.forName(driver);
                connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        public Connection getConnection() {
            return connection;
        }   
    }
    public static Connection getConnection() {
        return MyEnumSingleton.connectionFactory.getConnection();
    }
}

public class MyThread extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            System.out.println(MyObject.getConnection().hashCode());
        }
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
        MyThread t3 = new MyThread();
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t3.start();
    }
}

程序运行结果如下:

创建MyObject对象
2039988480
2039988480
2039988480
2039988480
2039988480
2039988480
2039988480
2039988480
2039988480

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/umgsai/p/5600109.html

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