A002-185-2531

目录
第一页作业 2
1.1验收承认(acceptance) 2
1.2要求需要(requirement) 5
1.3最初形态(Prototype) 6
1.4Model(模型) 7
1.5异义词(Homonym) 8
1.6检查(Inspection) 8
1.7敏捷式项目管理(Agile project management) 9
1.8特征(Feature) 10
1.9实体(Entity) 12
1.10错误(Error) 14
第二页作业 15
2.1实现视图(implementation view) 15
2.2增量开发(incremental development) 15
2.3交互图(interaction diagram) 17
2.4内部交易(internal transaction) 17
2.5互交发展(interative development) 18
2.6逻辑视图(logical view) 19
2.7模型元素(model element) 21
2.8多重分类(multiple classification) 21
2.9多重继承(multiple inheritance) 22
2.10第n范式(n-ary association) 24
第三页作业 25
3.1活动(Activities) 25
3.2链接(Connection) 28
3.3合并(Merge) 33
3.4同步(synchronization) 34
3.5行为模型方面(behavioral model aspect) 35
3.6关联结束(association end) 39
3.7二进制关联(binary association) 39
3.8合议图(collanoration diagram) 40
3.9部署图(deployment diagram) 41
3.10控制焦点(focus of control) 42
第四页作业 42
4.1一般化(generalization) 42
4.2执行(implementation) 43
4.3继承(inheritance) 43
4.4接口(interface) 44
4.5元模型(metamodel) 44
4.6模块(module) 45
4.7多样性(multiplicity) 46
《需求工程——软件建模与分析》读后感： 46
图书销售系统项目的发展建议： 47
1、 在开发的时候要尽可能的编写文档，保证项目在之后可以维护且发展 47
2、 要注重数据的安全问题，保证用户信息安全。 47
3、 完善界面增强用户体验。 47

第一页作业
1.1验收承认(acceptance)
【解释】
the action of consenting to receive or undertake something offered.“charges involving the acceptance of bribes” · “an acceptance speech” · “he had an acceptance from the magazine”
同意接受或接受所提供的东西的行为。“涉及受贿的指控”·“受贿演讲”·“他接受了杂志社的采访”

【链接】
https://blogs.psychcentral.com/cultivating-contentment/2020/02/16-ways-to-practice-radical-acceptance/
https://www.amazon.com/Gifts-Acceptance-Embracing-People-Things/dp/0982893051
https://www.acceptancenow.com/RACA-ePay/RACA-Secure-ePay.html?WT.z_position=head&WT.z_content=ePay

【正文】
How to Practice Acceptance for Mindfulness
Acceptance turns out to be one of the most helpful attitudes to bring to mindfulness. Acceptance means perceiving your experience and simply acknowledging it rather than judging it as good or bad. For some people, the word ‘acceptance’ is off-putting – replace it with the word ‘acknowledgement,’ if you prefer.

For example, when you feel pain, whether it’s physical, such as a painful shoulder, or mental, such as depression or anxiety, the natural reaction is to try to avoid feeling the pain. This seems very sensible because the sensation of physical or mental pain is unpleasant. You ignore it, distract yourself, or perhaps even go so far as turning to recreational drugs or alcohol to numb the discomfort.

This avoidance may work in the immediate short term, but before long, avoidance fails in the mental and emotional realm.

You still feel the pain, but on top of that, you feel the emotional hurt and struggle with the pain itself. Buddha called this the ‘second arrow.’ If a warrior is injured by an arrow and unleashes A thought like ‘why did this happen to me,’ that’s a ‘second arrow.’

You may inflict this on yourself each time you feel some form of pain or even just a bit of discomfort, rather than accepting what has happened and taking the next step. Avoidance – running away – is an aspect of the ‘second arrow’ and compounds the suffering. Acceptance means stopping fighting with your moment-to-moment experience. Acceptance removes that second arrow of blame, criticism or denial.

Perhaps you sit down to meditate and feel bombarded by thoughts dragging you away again and again. If you don’t accept the fact that your mind likes thinking, you become more and more frustrated, upset and annoyed with yourself. You want to focus on the meditation but just can’t.

In the above example:

First arrow – lots of thoughts entering your mind during meditation.

Second arrow – not accepting that thoughts are bound to come up in meditation. Criticizing yourself for having too many thoughts.

Solution – to acknowledge and accept that thoughts are part and parcel of meditation. You can do this by gently saying to yourself ‘thinking is happening’ or ‘it’s natural to think’ or simply labeling it as ‘thinking…thinking.’

By acknowledging the feeling, thought or sensation and going into it, the experience changes. Even with physical pain, try experimenting by actually feeling it. Research has found that the pain reduces. But remember, you’re not acknowledging it to get rid of the feeling. That’s not acceptance. You need to acknowledge the sensation, feeling or thought without trying to change it at all. Pure acceptance of it, just as it is.

One way to relax into the discomfort is by courageously turning to the sensation of discomfort, and simultaneously feeling the sensation of your own breath. With each out-breath, allow yourself to move closer and soften the tension around the discomfort.

If all this acceptance or acknowledgement of your pain seems impossible, just try getting a sense of it and make the tiniest step towards it. The smallest step towards acceptance can set up a chain of events ultimately leading towards transformation. Any tiny amount of acceptance is better than none at all.

Another aspect of acceptance is to come to terms with your current situation. If you’re lost, even if you have a map of where you want to get to, you have no hope of getting there, if you don’t know where you are to start with.

You need to know and accept where you are before you can begin working out how to get to where you want to be. Paradoxically, acceptance is the first step for any radical change. If you don’t acknowledge where you are and what’s currently happening, you can’t move on appropriately from that point.

【翻译】
被证明是对正念最有帮助的态度之一。接受意味着感知你的经历并简单地承认它，而不是判断它是好是坏。对某些人来说，“接受”这个词让人厌烦——如果你愿意，就用“承认”代替。
例如，当你感到疼痛时，不管是身体上的疼痛，比如肩膀的疼痛，还是精神上的，比如抑郁或焦虑，自然的反应就是尽量避免感觉到疼痛。这看起来很合理，因为身体或精神上的疼痛是不愉快的。甚至是为了消遣，甚至是为了消遣，甚至是为了消遣。
这种回避可能在短期内起作用，但不久之后，在心理和情感领域都会失败。
你仍然感觉到痛苦，但最重要的是，你感觉到了情感上的伤害，并在痛苦中挣扎。佛陀称之为“第二支箭”。如果一个战士被一支箭射伤，然后释放出一种想法，比如“为什么会发生在我身上”，那就是“第二支箭”
每次你感觉到某种形式的痛苦，甚至只是一点点不适，你可能会把这种情况强加给自己，而不是接受已经发生的事情并采取下一步行动。逃避——逃跑——是“第二支箭”的一个方面，加剧了痛苦。接受意味着停止与你时不时的经历抗争。接受可以消除指责、批评或否认的第二支箭。
也许你会坐下来冥想，感觉被一次又一次的想法轰炸，把你拖走。如果你不接受你的大脑喜欢思考的事实，你会变得越来越沮丧、不安和对自己恼火。你想专注于冥想，但却做不到。
在上述示例中：
第一支箭-冥想时会有很多想法进入你的大脑。
第二支箭-不接受思想一定会在冥想中出现。批评自己有太多想法。
解决方案——承认并接受思想是冥想的一部分。你可以通过温柔地对自己说“思考正在发生”或“思考是自然的”，或者简单地将其标记为“思考……思考”
通过承认这种感觉、想法或感觉并进入其中，体验就会改变。即使是身体上的疼痛，也要试着去感受它。研究发现疼痛减轻了。但是记住，你不是为了摆脱这种感觉而承认的。那不是接受。你需要承认这种感觉、感觉或思想，而不要试图去改变它。纯粹地接受它，就像它本身一样。
放松到不适的一种方法是勇敢地转向不适感，同时感受自己呼吸的感觉。每次呼气时，让自己靠近点，缓和不适周围的紧张情绪。
如果所有这些接受或承认你的痛苦似乎是不可能的，那就试着去感受它，并朝它迈出最微小的一步。接受的最小一步可以建立一系列最终导致转变的事件。任何微小的接受总比没有好。
接受的另一个方面是接受你目前的处境。如果你迷路了，即使你有你想去的地方的地图，如果你不知道从哪里开始，你也没有到达那里的希望。
你需要知道并接受你在哪里，然后你才能开始想办法到达你想去的地方。矛盾的是，接受是任何彻底变革的第一步。如果你不知道你在哪里，也不知道正在发生什么，你就不能从这一点开始适当地前进。
1.2要求需要(requirement)
【解释】
meet requirement,satisfy requirement,enforce requirement,fulfill requirement,comply requirement
满足要求，满足要求，执行要求，满足要求，遵守要求

【链接】
https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/13/business/could-getting-vaccinated-be-back-to-the-office-requirement/
https://www.mass.gov/news/flu-vaccine-now-required-for-all-massachusetts-school-students-enrolled-in-child-care-pre
https://www.dps.texas.gov/DriverLicense/identificationrequirements.html

【正文】
Requirement Engineering is the process of defining, documenting and maintaining the requirements. It is a process of gathering and defining service provided by the system. Requirements Engineering Process consists of the following main activities:

Requirements elicitation
Requirements specification
Requirements verification and validation
Requirements management
Requirements Elicitation:
It is related to the various ways used to gain knowledge about the project domain and requirements. The various sources of domain knowledge include customers, business manuals, the existing software of same type, standards and other stakeholders of the project.
The techniques used for requirements elicitation include interviews, brainstorming, task analysis, Delphi technique, prototyping, etc. Some of these are discussed here. Elicitation does not produce formal models of the requirements understood. Instead, it widens the domain knowledge of the analyst and thus helps in providing input to the next stage.

Requirements specification:
This activity is used to produce formal software requirement models. All the requirements including the functional as well as the non-functional requirements and the constraints are specified by these models in totality. During specification, more knowledge about the problem may be required which can again trigger the elicitation process.
The models used at this stage include ER diagrams, data flow diagrams(DFDs), function decomposition diagrams(FDDs), data dictionaries, etc.
【翻译】
需求工程是定义、记录和维护需求的过程。这是一个收集和定义系统提供的服务的过程。需求工程流程包括以下主要活动：

需求引出
要求规格
需求验证和验证
需求管理
需求引文：
它与获取项目领域和需求知识的各种方法有关。各种领域知识来源包括客户、业务手册、相同类型的现有软件、标准以及项目的其他利益相关者。
用于需求引出的技术包括访谈、头脑风暴、任务分析、Delphi 技术、原型设计等。这里将讨论其中一些。引文不会产生所理解的要求的正式模型。相反，它拓宽了分析师的域知识，从而有助于为下一阶段提供投入。

需求规范
：此活动用于生成正式的软件需求模型。所有要求，包括功能和非功能要求和约束，都由这些模型全部指定。在规范期间，可能需要对问题有更多的了解，从而再次触发引出过程。
此阶段使用的模型包括 ER 图、数据流图（DFD）、函数分解图（FDD）、数据字典等。
1.3最初形态(Prototype)
【解释】
a first, typical or preliminary model of something, especially a machine, from which other forms are developed or copied.“the firm is testing a prototype of the weapon” ·模型最初的、典型的或初步的某物模型，尤指机器，从中发展或复制其他形式。
“公司正在测试这种武器的原型”·

【链接】
https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Prototype_(episode)
hhttps://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/09/watch-spacex-launch-starship-prototype-rocket-sn8s-high-altitude-test.html
https://www.prototypes.org/programs/residential-treatment/

【正文】
In order to solve the problem that attribute cannot be shared between object instances of constructor, JS provides prototype attribute.
Each data type in JS is an object (except null and undefined), and each object inherits from another object, which is called a “prototype” object. Except for null, it has no prototype object of its own.
All properties and methods on the prototype object are shared by the object instance.
When an object instance is generated through a constructor, the prototype of the object instance is pointed to the prototype property of the constructor. Each constructor has a prototype property, which is the prototype object of the object instance.

【翻译】
为了解决构造函数的对象实例之间无法共享属性的缺点，js提供了prototype属性。
js中每个数据类型都是对象（除了null和undefined），而每个对象都继承自另外一个对象，后者称为“原型”（prototype）对象，只有null除外，它没有自己的原型对象。
原型对象上的所有属性和方法，都会被对象实例所共享。
通过构造函数生成对象实例时，会将对象实例的原型指向构造函数的prototype属性。每一个构造函数都有一个prototype属性，这个属性就是对象实例的原型对象。
1.4Model(模型)
【解释】
An abstract representation of an existing reality or a reality to be
对存在的现实或未来的现实的抽象描述

【链接】
https://bcrisktool.cancer.gov/
https://github.com/tensorflow/models
https://www.nxp.com.cn/pages/model-psp:MODELPSP

【正文】
Django determines the following information based on the type of the attribute: the type of the currently selected database support field
The default HTML control used when rendering the management form. During the minimum verification in the management site, Django will add auto growing primary key columns to the table, and each model can only have one primary key column. If you use the option to set an attribute as the primary key column, Django will not regenerate into the default primary key column. Attribute naming is restricted and identifier rules are followed. Due to the query method of Django, it does not have a primary key column Continuous underscores are allowed. When a library defines a property, it needs a field type. The field type is defined in the django.db.models In the. Fields directory, it is imported into the django.db.models Import from by using django.db import Models through models.Field Create an object of field type and assign it to an attribute. Logical deletion does logical deletion for all important data, and does not do physical deletion. The implementation method is to define isdelete attribute with the type of Boolean field and the default value of false

【翻译】
django根据属性的类型确定以下信息：当前选择的数据库支持字段的类型
渲染管理表单时使用的默认html控件，在管理站点最低限度的验证，django会为表增加自动增长的主键列，每个模型只能有一个主键列，如果使用选项设置某属性为主键列后，则django不会再生成默认的主键列，属性命名限制，遵循标识符规则，由于django的查询方式，不允许使用连续的下划线，库定义属性时，需要字段类型，字段类型被定义在django.db.models.fields目录下，为了方便使用，被导入到django.db.models中，使用方式导入from django.db import models通过models.Field创建字段类型的对象，赋值给属性，逻辑删除对于重要数据都做逻辑删除，不做物理删除，实现方法是定义isDelete属性，类型为BooleanField，默认值为False
1.5异义词(Homonym)
【解释】
A term looking identical to another term, but having a different
一个术语看起来与另一个术语相同，但具有不同的

【链接】
https://www.thoughtco.com/homonyms-homophones-and-homographs-a-b-1692660
https://www.homonym.ph/
https://wordsinasentence.com/homonym-in-a-sentence/

【正文】
Homonyms are two words that are spelled the same and sound the same but have different meanings. The word “homonym” comes from the prefix “homo-,” which means the same, and the suffix “-nym,” which means name. Therefore, a homonym is a word that has the same name as another word, meaning that the two words look and sound exactly alike.

Examples of Homonyms
A simple example of a homonym is the word “pen.” This can mean both “a holding area for animals” and “a writing instrument.” Another example is “book,” which can mean “something to read” or “the act of making a reservation.” In both cases, the sound and spelling are the same, and only the definition changes.
【翻译】
同音异义词是拼写相同、发音相同但意义不同的两个词。“谐音”一词来自前缀“homo-”，意思相同，后缀“-nym”，意思是名字。因此，同音异义词是一个与另一个词同名的词，意思是这两个词的外观和发音完全相同。
同音异义词示例
一个简单的同音异义词是“笔”。这个词可以是“动物的存放区”和“书写工具”。另一个例子是“书”，可以是“要读的东西”或“作出保留的行为”。在这两种情况下，发音和拼写都是一样的，只是定义发生了变化。
1.6检查(Inspection)
【解释】
careful examination or scrutiny.
“on closer inspection it looked like a fossil please have your tickets ready for inspection we carry out regular safety inspections”
仔细审查或审查。
“仔细观察， 它看起来像一块化石”“请准备好您的门票供检查” |“我们定期进行安全检查”

【链接】
https://www.indeed.com/q-Inspector-jobs.html
https://www.agilealliance.org/glossary/xp/
https://datadashboard.fda.gov/ora/cd/inspections.htm

【正文】
Why request an Inspection?
Whether you are about to place a bid or sell your vehicle on eBay Motors, an inspection by an independent third party is a must-have.Buyers benefit because the inspection is a way to validate a seller’s claims about a vehicle’s condition.Sellers benefit because the inspection increases potential buyers’ confidence in the description of the vehicle’s condition.How do I arrange an inspection today?eBay Motors recommends arranging your inspection through SGS Automotive. With their 150-point vehicle inspection, SGS Automotive helps you build the confidence that is crucial to any vehicle sale.

【翻译】
为什么要求检查？无论您是要在易趣汽车上出价还是出售车辆，都必须有独立第三方的检查。买方受益于此，因为检查是验证卖方对车辆状况的主张的一种方法。卖方受益，因为检查增加了潜在买家对车辆状况描述的信心。我今天怎么安排检查？易趣汽车公司建议您通过SGS Automotive安排检查。通过150点的车辆检查，SGS Automotive帮助您建立对任何车辆销售至关重要的信心。。
1.7敏捷式项目管理(Agile project management)
【解释】
Agile project management is an iterative approach to delivering a project throughout its life cycle.敏捷项目管理是一种迭代方法，可在整个生命周期内交付项目。

【链接】
https://www.apm.org.uk/resources/find-a-resource/agile-project-management/
https://www.teamwork.com/project-management-guide/agile-project-management/
https://www.apm.org.uk/resources/find-a-resource/agile-project-management/

【正文】
What is Agile project management?
Agile project management is an iterative approach to project management that focuses on breaking down large projects into more manageable tasks, which are completed in short iterations throughout the project life cycle. Teams that adopt the Agile methodology are able to complete work faster, adapt to changing project requirements, and optimize their workflow.

As the name suggests, the Agile allows teams to be better equipped to quickly change direction and focus. Software companies and marketing agencies are especially aware of the tendency for changes from project stakeholders to happen from week-to-week. The Agile methodology allows teams to re-evaluate the work they are doing and adjust in given increments to make sure that as the work and customer landscape changes, the focus also changes for the team.

If you’re new to the Agile project management, it might look at first like a complex and difficult-to-manage system. But, whether you realize it or not, you’re already doing many of the things Agile requires. With a few tweaks, you’ll be on your way to shorter development cycles and smaller, more frequent product releases.

Who uses Agile project management?
Originally created for software development, the Agile approach to project management is quickly being adapted by more than just IT teams. Marketers, universities, the military, and even the automotive industry are also looking at the Agile methodology and other Agile frameworks to deliver innovative products in uncertain environments. Many organizations can benefit from Agile project management, and it’s simple to set up and utilize.

In the software world, when a decision to build or further develop an existing technology is made, the end product may be hard to define. Agile allows for that ambiguity because of its flexibility to change direction on a project as work moves into the future.

While you can take advantage of Agile software, books, or Agile coaches, each Agile team is unique, and understanding the basics can help you put together an Agile methodology that works for you and your team.

【翻译】
什么是敏捷项目管理？
敏捷项目管理是一种迭代的项目管理方法，其重点是将大型项目分解为更易于管理的任务，这些任务在整个项目生命周期中的短迭代中完成。采用敏捷方法的团队能够更快地完成工作，适应不断变化的项目需求，并优化他们的工作流程。
顾名思义，敏捷使团队能够更好地快速改变方向和焦点。软件公司和营销机构特别注意到项目干系人每周都会发生变化的趋势。敏捷方法允许团队重新评估他们正在做的工作，并以给定的增量进行调整，以确保随着工作和客户环境的变化，团队的关注点也会发生变化。
如果您是敏捷项目管理的新手，那么它可能首先看起来像一个复杂且难以管理的系统。但是，不管你是否意识到，你已经在做敏捷所需要的许多事情。只需稍作调整，就可以缩短开发周期，缩短产品发布周期，缩短产品发布周期。
谁使用敏捷项目管理？
最初是为软件开发而创建的，敏捷项目管理方法正在迅速被不仅仅是IT团队所采用。市场营销人员、大学、军队甚至汽车行业也在研究敏捷方法和其他敏捷框架，以在不确定的环境中交付创新产品。许多组织都可以从敏捷项目管理中获益，而且它的建立和使用非常简单。
在软件世界中，当决定构建或进一步开发现有技术时，最终产品可能很难定义。敏捷允许这种模棱两可，因为它可以在工作进入未来时灵活地改变项目的方向。
虽然您可以利用敏捷软件、书籍或敏捷教练，但每个敏捷团队都是独一无二的，了解基础知识可以帮助您构建一个适合您和您的团队的敏捷方法。
1.8特征(Feature)
【解释】
the structure, form, or appearance especially of a person
结构、形式或外观，尤其是一个人的结构、形式或外观

【链接】
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/feature
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/feature
https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/7247-turn-windows-features-off-windows-10-a.html

【正文】
A feature is a small, client-valued function expressed in the form . As the name implies, features are an important aspect of Feature-Driven Development (FDD) (Palmer and Felsing 2002). Figure 1 shows several features for the university system. Features are very small and typically can be implemented within a few hours.
Figure 1. Features.
Add a student to a semi