Docker 入门系列（二）-- Docker 的一些基本命令

安装 Docker

我们首先安装 yum-utils 软件包（提供 yum-config-manager 实用程序）并设置稳定的存储库。

yum install -y yum-utils

yum-config-manager \
    --add-repo \
    https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

更新 yum 软件包索引

yum makecache fast

安装最新版本的 Docker Engine 和容器

yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

启动 docker

systemctl start docker

然后我们使用 docker version 查看是否安装成功

docker version

通过运行 hello-world 映像来验证是否正确安装了 Docker Engine

docker run hello-world

当执行 docker run 时，docker 会在本机上寻找镜像，如果本机上有这个镜像则直接使用这个镜像运行，如果本机上没有镜像就会去 DockerHub 上下载，如果 DockerHub 没有此镜像则报错，有镜像就下载到本地并运行。

可以看到结果如下：

查看已经下载的镜像

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        10 months ago       13.3kB

重启服务

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# systemctl restart docker

帮助命令

显示 docker 的版本信息

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           19.03.13
 API version:       1.40
 Go version:        go1.13.15
 Git commit:        4484c46d9d
 Built:             Wed Sep 16 17:03:45 2020
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Experimental:      false

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          19.03.13
  API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.13.15
  Git commit:       4484c46d9d
  Built:            Wed Sep 16 17:02:21 2020
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.3.7
  GitCommit:        8fba4e9a7d01810a393d5d25a3621dc101981175
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.0-rc10
  GitCommit:        dc9208a3303feef5b3839f4323d9beb36df0a9dd
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.18.0
  GitCommit:        fec3683

显示 docker 的系统信息，包括镜像和容器的数量

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker info
Client:
 Debug Mode: false

Server:
 Containers: 3
  Running: 0
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 3
 Images: 1
 Server Version: 19.03.13
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: extfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 8fba4e9a7d01810a393d5d25a3621dc101981175
 runc version: dc9208a3303feef5b3839f4323d9beb36df0a9dd
 init version: fec3683
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 3.10.0-1127.19.1.el7.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 1
 Total Memory: 1.795GiB
 Name: VM-0-4-centos
 ID: B5FM:L7NR:SG4G:CLVW:5VB2:BG3C:3SAB:XQ6S:TDP6:UDDX:KIAQ:NHG2
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Registry Mirrors:
  https://mirror.ccs.tencentyun.com/
 Live Restore Enabled: false

WARNING: bridge-nf-call-iptables is disabled
WARNING: bridge-nf-call-ip6tables is disabled

帮助命令

如果我们想查看 docker 命令的帮助命令，可以执行以下命令

docker 命令 --help

镜像命令

查看所有本地主机上的镜像

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        10 months ago       13.3kB

含义如下：

1. REPOSITORY：镜像的仓库源
2. TAG：版本，lastest 表示最新版本
3. IMAGE ID：镜像的 id
4. CREATED：镜像的创建时间
5. SIZE：镜像的大小

如果我们想列出所有镜像的 id，可以加上可选项。

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker images -aq
bf756fb1ae65

搜索镜像

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10130               [OK]                
mariadb                           MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS…   3727                [OK]                
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   740                                     [OK]
percona                           Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   511                 [OK]                
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   84                                      
mysql/mysql-cluster               Experimental MySQL Cluster Docker images. Cr…   77                                      
centurylink/mysql                 Image containing mysql. Optimized to be link…   60                                      [OK]
bitnami/mysql                     Bitnami MySQL Docker Image                      46                                      [OK]
deitch/mysql-backup               REPLACED! Please use http://hub.docker.com/r…   41                                      [OK]
tutum/mysql                       Base docker image to run a MySQL database se…   35                                      
prom/mysqld-exporter                                                              31                                      [OK]
databack/mysql-backup             Back up mysql databases to... anywhere!         31                                      
schickling/mysql-backup-s3        Backup MySQL to S3 (supports periodic backup…   29                                      [OK]
linuxserver/mysql                 A Mysql container, brought to you by LinuxSe…   26                                      
centos/mysql-56-centos7           MySQL 5.6 SQL database server                   20                                      
circleci/mysql                    MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   19                                      
mysql/mysql-router                MySQL Router provides transparent routing be…   17                                      
arey/mysql-client                 Run a MySQL client from a docker container      15                                      [OK]
fradelg/mysql-cron-backup         MySQL/MariaDB database backup using cron tas…   10                                      [OK]
yloeffler/mysql-backup            This image runs mysqldump to backup data usi…   7                                       [OK]
openshift/mysql-55-centos7        DEPRECATED: A Centos7 based MySQL v5.5 image…   6                                       
devilbox/mysql                    Retagged MySQL, MariaDB and PerconaDB offici…   3                                       
ansibleplaybookbundle/mysql-apb   An APB which deploys RHSCL MySQL                2                                       [OK]
jelastic/mysql                    An image of the MySQL database server mainta…   1                                       
widdpim/mysql-client              Dockerized MySQL Client (5.7) including Curl…   1                                       [OK]

下载镜像

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker pull tomcat:8
8: Pulling from library/tomcat
e4c3d3e4f7b0: Pull complete 
101c41d0463b: Pull complete 
8275efcd805f: Pull complete 
751620502a7a: Pull complete 
a59da3a7d0e7: Pull complete 
5ad32ac1e527: Pull complete 
27c13473e3bd: Pull complete 
717370f5d395: Pull complete 
3440cc50e284: Pull complete 
d82d6bb87a27: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:671a61a35fe17b889f144c0b57cf1e4773048972e4d00303757c051074ba8c77
Status: Downloaded newer image for tomcat:8
docker.io/library/tomcat:8

下载镜像需要执行以下命令，如果不写 tag，默认就是 latest

docker pull 镜像名[:tag]

删除镜像

我们可以删除指定 id 的镜像

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker rmi -f 0eed806285b5 
Untagged: tomcat:8
Untagged: tomcat@sha256:671a61a35fe17b889f144c0b57cf1e4773048972e4d00303757c051074ba8c77
Deleted: sha256:0eed806285b5a981e313368b82b9cf39a426638710d5973da1ac3b104c78c63a
Deleted: sha256:dfc07aa9149f5df7f97dc836761adb134bc7f2713b4bb8f985f717b16104eac4
Deleted: sha256:0eb558ae39acff2e0b511f29315ef6d596da1efa1fda644c01bd6328e15c0f4c
Deleted: sha256:24fdd84b4adf4b922767e2b9d336c96fb31cab90c84fb34f9164f6587473e565
Deleted: sha256:984e8d35fe94a287a0bc4a45e8757c75e17e80c3f4fed0b9f9b0ec6b4b457ebb
Deleted: sha256:254cf71da09bbc16e304f925dee4270ac9069649dee8576423a6a77186ee0061
Deleted: sha256:3383e45b22b2b665b1a2604e375c1e7dc007c540e77d6367b1d7ba79ef0030d8
Deleted: sha256:d5d618196ec30fcdba1d210f135b4911b9dbdc79fdd729a9a9c3683a6a9b9308
Deleted: sha256:4bb57adf9037e4da45f2dbc0f84a7e9d8da6847bef3e63d09c8a9d8465f4d2c6
Deleted: sha256:5173011923d00f0fe606ecceda93ea88f17dc77e0b026df802c9aeb31bc1eac6
Deleted: sha256:9780f6d83e45878749497a6297ed9906c19ee0cc48cc88dc63827564bb8768fd

容器命令

新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image | docker container run [可选参数] image

部分参数说明：

1. –name=“Name” 可以使用容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02 用来区分容器
2. -d 后台方式运行
3. -it 使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
4. -p 指定容器的端口 例子：-p ip:主机端口:容器端口 / -p 主机端口:容器端口(常用) / -p 容器端口

运行 tomcat

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker run -d tomcat

列出所有运行的容器

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED              STATUS                       PORTS               NAMES
1145c4f9eedf        tomcat              "catalina.sh run"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute            8080/tcp            magical_lamarr
3231cf0eca17        tomcat              "catalina.sh run"   4 minutes ago        Exited (129) 3 minutes ago                       angry_wiles
9fff8610c213        hello-world         "/hello"            2 hours ago          Exited (0) 2 hours ago                           kind_agnesi
5bf705ea0f4d        hello-world         "/hello"            2 hours ago          Exited (0) 2 hours ago                           nostalgic_noyce
fbc898265f57        hello-world         "/hello"            2 hours ago          Exited (0) 2 hours ago                           inspiring_mcclintock

使用 -a 可选项在列出当前正在运行的容器的同时，也会列出历史运行过的容器

退出容器

如果我们想容器直接退出，可以执行以下这条命令：

exit 

如果我们想容器不停止退出，执行 ctrl +P +Q 即可。

删除容器

注意，该指令用于删除指定的容器，但是不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除需要使用 rm -f

docker rm 容器id

例如，我们想删除一个正在运行的容器

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker rm -f da5a6001b536
da5a6001b536

如果我们需要删除所有容器

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)
2d29c6716090
abc649248186
1145c4f9eedf
3231cf0eca17
9fff8610c213
5bf705ea0f4d
fbc898265f57

启动和停止容器的操作

停止当前正在运行的容器

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker stop b1733f2a5764
b1733f2a5764

启动容器

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker start b1733f2a5764
b1733f2a5764

重启容器

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker restart b1733f2a5764
b1733f2a5764

强制停止当前容器

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker kill b1733f2a5764
b1733f2a5764

一些其他命令

查看日志

显示全部日志信息

docker logs -ft 容器id

查看n行日志

docker logs -t --tail n 容器id

查看容器中进程信息

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker top ea08b79321f3
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                9041                9025                8                   15:01               ?                   00:00:01            /usr/local/openjdk-11/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize=2048 -Djava.protocol.handler.pkgs=org.apache.catalina.webresources -Dorg.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener.UMASK=0027 -Dignore.endorsed.dirs= -classpath /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jar -Dcatalina.base=/usr/local/tomcat -Dcatalina.home=/usr/local/tomcat -Djava.io.tmpdir=/usr/local/tomcat/temp org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start

进入当前正在运行的容器

通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，有时我们需要进入容器，修改一些配置，那么我们可以使用下面两种方法的其中一种。

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker exec -it 5f0c82a3927b /bin/bash

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker attach 5f0c82a3927b

这两种方法的区别在于，docker exec 会在进入当前容器后开启一个新的终端，而 docker attach 会进入容器正在执行的终端。

从容器内拷贝到主机上

docker cp 容器id:容器内路径  主机目的路径

查看 docker 容器使用内存情况

docker stats

commit 镜像

我们可以提交容器让其成为一个新的镜像。

docker commit -m="描述信息" -a="作者" 容器id 目标镜像名:[版本TAG]

例子如下：

[root@VM-0-4-centos ~]# docker commit -a="tony" -m="test" 5f0c82a3927b mytomcat:1.0

参考：【狂神说Java】Docker最新超详细版教程通俗易懂