Docker的常用命令

Docker的常用命令

帮助命令

#显示docker版本信息
docker version
#显示docker的系统信息,包括镜像和容器的数量
docker info
#帮助命令
docker COMMAND --help

帮助文档的地址:https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/docker/

镜像命令

docker images 查看所有本地的主机上的镜像

[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
hello-world   latest    d1165f221234   7 weeks ago   13.3kB

#解释
REPOSITORY	镜像的仓库源
TAG			镜像的标签
IMAGE ID	镜像的ID
CREATED		镜像的创建时间
SIZE		镜像的大小

#可选项
  -a, --all		#列出所有镜像
  -q, --quiet	#只显示镜像的ID

docker search 搜索镜像

[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10812     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4070      [OK]    

#可选项,通过收藏来过滤
--filter=STARS=3000 #搜索出来的镜像就是STARS大于3000的
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker search --filter=STARS=3000 mysql
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10812     [OK]       
mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4070      [OK]   

docker pull 下载镜像

#下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest #如果不写tag，默认就是latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
f7ec5a41d630: Pull complete  # 分层下载，docker image的核心，联合文件系统
9444bb562699: Pull complete 
6a4207b96940: Pull complete 
181cefd361ce: Pull complete 
8a2090759d8a: Pull complete 
15f235e0d7ee: Pull complete 
d870539cd9db: Pull complete 
493aaa84617a: Pull complete 
bfc0e534fc78: Pull complete 
fae20d253f9d: Pull complete 
9350664305b3: Pull complete 
e47da95a5aab: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:04ee7141256e83797ea4a84a4d31b1f1bc10111c8d1bc1879d52729ccd19e20a #签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest #真实地址

#相同的命令
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest

#指定版本下载
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
f7ec5a41d630: Already exists 
9444bb562699: Already exists 
6a4207b96940: Already exists 
181cefd361ce: Already exists 
8a2090759d8a: Already exists 
15f235e0d7ee: Already exists 
d870539cd9db: Already exists 
cb7af63cbefa: Pull complete 
151f1721bdbf: Pull complete 
fcd19c3dd488: Pull complete 
415af2aa5ddc: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:a655529fdfcbaf0ef28984d68a3e21778e061c886ff458b677391924f62fb457
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker images 
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
mysql         5.7       87eca374c0ed   10 days ago   447MB
mysql         latest    0627ec6901db   10 days ago   556MB
hello-world   latest    d1165f221234   7 weeks ago   13.3kB

docker rmi 删除镜像

[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker rmi -f 镜像id	#删除指定镜像
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker rmi -f 镜像id	镜像id	镜像id	#删除多个镜像
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq) #删除全部镜像

容器命令

说明：我们有了镜像才可以创建容器，Linux，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

docker pull centos

新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

#参数说明
--name="Name"	容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02，用来区分容器
-d				后台方式运行
-it				使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p				指定容器的端口 -p 8080:8080
	-p	ip:主机端口：容器端口
	-p	主机端口：容器端口（常用）
	-p	容器端口
-P				随机指定端口

#测试，启动并进入容器
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@f086d5b29705 /]# ls
bin  etc   lib	  lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr

#从容器中退回主机
[root@f086d5b29705 /]# exit
exit
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# ls /
apps  boot  dev  home  lib64       media  opt   root  sbin  sys  usr
bin   data  etc  lib   lost+found  mnt    proc  run   srv   tmp  var

列出所有运行的容器

# docker ps 命令
	#列出当前正在运行的容器
-a	#列出当前正在运行的容器+历史运行过的容器
-n=？ #显示最近创建的容器
-q	#只显示容器的编号

[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
f086d5b29705   centos         "/bin/bash"   4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             competent_franklin
8d4f14f3794d   d1165f221234   "/hello"      25 hours ago    Exited (0) 25 hours ago              affectionate_khayyam

退出容器

exit #直接容器停止并退出
Ctrl+P+Q #容器不停止退出

删除容器

docker rm 容器id						#删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)		#删除所有容器
docker ps -aq|xargs docker rm -f	#删除所有容器

启动和停止容器的操作

docker start	容器id	#启动容器
docker restart	容器id	#重启容器
docker stop		容器id	#停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill		容器id	#强制停止当前容器

常用其他命令

后台启动容器

#命令docker run -d 镜像名
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker run -d centos
#问题docker ps 发现centos停止了
#常见的坑:docker容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止
#nginx，容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止，就是没有程序了

查看日志

docker logs -f -t --tail 容器，没有日志

#自己编写一段shell脚本
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo zzz;sleep 1;done"

[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker ps -aq
d7e1f38b8632

#显示日志
-tf				#显示日志
--tail number	#要显示日志的条数
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker logs -tf --tail 3 d7e1f38b8632

查看容器中进程信息ps

#命令 docker top 容器id
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker top d7e1f38b8632
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                2213                2192                0                   19:39               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/sh -c while true;do echo zzz;sleep 1;done
root                12729               2213                0                   19:52               ?                   00:00:00            /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1

查看镜像的元数据

#命令
docker inspect 容器id
#测试
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker inspect d7e1f38b8632
[
    {
        "Id": "d7e1f38b8632cf7c473a01c1fa778942c8653c3ffc63cccec15e908f94d3b778",
        "Created": "2021-05-01T11:39:31.696477388Z",
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo zzz;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 2213,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2021-05-01T11:39:32.002115029Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d7e1f38b8632cf7c473a01c1fa778942c8653c3ffc63cccec15e908f94d3b778/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d7e1f38b8632cf7c473a01c1fa778942c8653c3ffc63cccec15e908f94d3b778/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d7e1f38b8632cf7c473a01c1fa778942c8653c3ffc63cccec15e908f94d3b778/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/d7e1f38b8632cf7c473a01c1fa778942c8653c3ffc63cccec15e908f94d3b778/d7e1f38b8632cf7c473a01c1fa778942c8653c3ffc63cccec15e908f94d3b778-json.log",
        "Name": "/modest_ride",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/a2142b6ac68ea37cc07c42d49b82947dcb27c4752ff5f0801b22daa879be2337-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c043b86e487d515d63f3c205dcc2e474550462be6f231592b61426c38911e9ae/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/a2142b6ac68ea37cc07c42d49b82947dcb27c4752ff5f0801b22daa879be2337/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/a2142b6ac68ea37cc07c42d49b82947dcb27c4752ff5f0801b22daa879be2337/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/a2142b6ac68ea37cc07c42d49b82947dcb27c4752ff5f0801b22daa879be2337/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "d7e1f38b8632",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo zzz;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "ca87cba5ece2cea391a8957dbc1878951dbfecdcbd8f37c2873631d96f53afcd",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/ca87cba5ece2",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "b39f11e6050e61fd867ca67357a9445a3f0fd218e189501fc1f272ea8fa39b56",
            "Gateway": "172.18.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.18.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:12:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "1c3c6040bda48eae2c33fed23aca04e503f750713a89fa0818769fa02415948c",
                    "EndpointID": "b39f11e6050e61fd867ca67357a9445a3f0fd218e189501fc1f272ea8fa39b56",
                    "Gateway": "172.18.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.18.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:12:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

#我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置
#命令
docker exec -it 容器id bashshell
#测试
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker ps -aq
d7e1f38b8632
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker exec -it d7e1f38b8632 /bin/bash
[root@d7e1f38b8632 /]# ls 
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@d7e1f38b8632 /]# ps -ef
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 11:39 ?        00:00:00 /bin/sh -c
root      1098     0  0 11:57 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root      1236     1  0 11:59 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/c
root      1237  1098  0 11:59 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef

#方式二
docker attach 容器id
#测试
[root@VM-16-11-centos docker]# docker attach d7e1f38b8632
正在执行当前的代码

# docker exec	#进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作（常用）
# docker attach	#进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程

从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

docker cp 容器id：容器内路径 目的主机路径

#查看当前主机目录下
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# ls
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# pwd
/root
#运行一个容器进入内部
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@b0992b8a19a3 /]# pwd
/
[root@b0992b8a19a3 /]# cd /home
[root@b0992b8a19a3 home]# ls
#在容器内新建一个文件
[root@b0992b8a19a3 home]# touch test.txt
[root@b0992b8a19a3 home]# ls
test.txt
[root@b0992b8a19a3 home]# exit
exit
#将这文件拷贝到主机上
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker ps -aq
b0992b8a19a3
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# docker cp b0992b8a19a3:/home/test.txt /root
[root@VM-16-11-centos ~]# ls
test.txt
#拷贝是一个手动过程，后面会使用 -v卷的技术来实现。