python单例模式（可继承）

1. 常见的单例模式

  百度一下可以看到很多关于python单例模式的文档，比如:

class singleton(object):
    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()   #作用是保证多线程下类依然保证唯一性

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            with singleton._instance_lock:
                if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
                    singleton._instance = super().__new__(cls)

        return singleton._instance

  但是上面的单例模式真的保证的唯一性，但是不能继承，继承的类都会属于一个类，如下图：

class Foo(singleton):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name

class test_cls1(singleton):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

class test_cls2(singleton):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

if __name__ == '__main__':
    obj1 = Foo('name')
    obj2 = Foo('name')
    print(obj1)
    print(obj2)


    print(test_cls1())
    print(test_cls1())

    print(test_cls2())
    print(test_cls2())

<__main__.Foo object at 0x7ff67e34c780>
<__main__.Foo object at 0x7ff67e34c780>
<__main__.Foo object at 0x7ff67e34c780>
<__main__.Foo object at 0x7ff67e34c780>
<__main__.Foo object at 0x7ff67e34c780>
<__main__.Foo object at 0x7ff67e34c780>

2. 可继承的单例模式

  完全可以使用字典管理类，保证类本身的唯一性，并且具有可继承性。

class singleton(object):
   _instance_lock = threading.Lock()

   def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       pass

   def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
       if not hasattr(cls, 'instance_dict'):
           singleton.instance_dict = {}

       if str(cls) not in singleton.instance_dict.keys():
           with singleton._instance_lock:
                   _instance = super().__new__(cls)
                   singleton.instance_dict[str(cls)] = _instance

       return singleton.instance_dict[str(cls)

  和上面相同的测试代码结果如下：

<__main__.Foo object at 0x7f8809b9cf60>
<__main__.Foo object at 0x7f8809b9cf60>
<__main__.test_cls1 object at 0x7f8809b9c2e8>
<__main__.test_cls1 object at 0x7f8809b9c2e8>
<__main__.test_cls2 object at 0x7f8809bb58d0>
<__main__.test_cls2 object at 0x7f8809bb58d0>