注解
内置注解
- @Override,定义在java.lang.Override中,此注释只适用于修辞方法,用于注解重写
- @Deprecated:表示不鼓励程序员使用这样的元素,通常是因为它们很危险或者存在更好的选择
- @SuppressWarnings:用来抑制编译时的警告信息,而且必须添加一个参数才能正常使用。例如@SuppressWarnings(“all”),@SuppressWarnings(“unchecked”)等
元注解
元注解的作用就是复制注解其他注解,这些类型和它们所支持的类在java.lang,annotation包中可以找到(@Target,@Retention,@Documented,@Inherited)
- @Target:用于描述注解的使用范围
- @Retention:表示需要在什么级别确保该注释信息,用于描述注解的生命周期(source<class<runtime)
- @Document:说明注解将被包括在javadoc中
- @inherited:说明子类可以继承父类中的注解
//测试元注解
public class test1 {
@MyAnnotation
public void test(){
}
}
//定义一个注解
//Target 表示我们的注解可以用在哪些地方
@Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD,ElementType.TYPE})
//Retention 表示我们的注解在什么地方有效
//runtime>class>sources
@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
//Documented表示是否将我们的注解生成在JAVAdoc中
@Documented
//Inherited 子类可以继承父类的注解
@Inherited
@interface MyAnnotation{
}
自定义注解
//自定义注解
public class test2 {
//注解可以显示赋值,如果没有默认值,就必须给注解赋值
@MyAnnotation2(name="韩")
public void test(){}
@MyAnnotation3("han")
public void test2(){}
}
@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface MyAnnotation2{
//注解的参数;参数类型+参数名();
String name() default "";//default代表默认值 “”代表默认值为空
int age() default 0;
int id() default -1;//如果默认值为-1,则代表不存在
String[] schools() default {"清华","北大"};
}
@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface MyAnnotation3{
String value();//当默认值为value时,上面的参数里可以省略value
}
反射
优点:可以实现动态创建对象和编译,体现出很大的灵活性
缺点:对性能有影响。使用反射基本上是一种解释操作,我们可以告诉JVM,我们希望做什么并且它满足我们的要求。这类操作总是慢于直接执行相同的操作。
//什么叫反射
public class Test1 extends Object {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//通过反射获取类的class对象
Class c1 = Class.forName("com.reflection.User");
System.out.println(c1);
Class c2 = Class.forName("com.reflection.User");
Class c3 = Class.forName("com.reflection.User");
Class c4 = Class.forName("com.reflection.User");
//一个类在内存中只有一个Class对象
//一个类被加载后,类的整个结构都会被封装在Class对象中。
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
System.out.println(c4.hashCode());
}
}
//实体类:pojo,entity
class User{
private String name;
private int id;
private int age;
public User(String name, int id, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
Class类
得到Class类的几种方法
//测试class类的创建方式有哪些
public class Test02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
Person person=new Student();
System.out.println("这个人是:"+person.name);
//方式一:通过对象获得
Class c1=person.getClass();
System.out.println(c1.hashCode());
//方式二:forname获得
Class c2 = Class.forName("com.reflection.Student");
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
//方式三:通过类名.class获得
Class c3 = Student.class;
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
//方式四:基本内置类型的包装类都有一个Type属性
Class c4 = Integer.TYPE;
System.out.println(c4);
//获得父类类型
Class c5=c1.getSuperclass();
System.out.println(c5);
}
}
class Person{
public String name;
public Person(){
}
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
class Student extends Person{
public Student(){
this.name="学生";
}
}
class Teacher extends Person{
public Teacher(){
this.name="老师";
}
}
所有类型的Class
//所有类型的Class
public class Test03 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class c1=Object.class;//类
Class c2=Comparable.class;//接口
Class c3=String[].class;//一维数组
Class c4=int[][].class;//二维数组
Class c5 =Override.class;//注解
Class c6= ElementType.class;//枚举
Class c7=Integer.class;//基本数据类型
Class c8=void.class;//void
Class c9=Class.class;//Class
System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c2);
System.out.println(c3);
System.out.println(c4);
System.out.println(c5);
System.out.println(c6);
System.out.println(c7);
System.out.println(c8);
//只要元素类型和纬度一样,就是同一个class
int[] a=new int[10];
int[] b=new int [100];
System.out.println(a.getClass().hashCode());
System.out.println(b.getClass().hashCode());
}
}
类加载过程
类的初始化
//测试类什么时候会被初始化
public class Test04 {
static {
System.out.println("main类被加载");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//1.主动引用
//Son son=new Son();
//反射也会产生主动引用
//Class.forName("com.reflection.Son");
//不会产生类的引用的方法
//System.out.println(Son.b);
//Son[] array=new Son[5];
System.out.println(Son.M);
}
}
class Father{
static int b=2;
static {
System.out.println("父类被加载");
}
}
class Son extends Father{
static {
System.out.println("子类被加载");
m =300;
}
static int m=100;
static final int M=1;
}
类加载器
public class Test05 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//获取系统类的加载器
ClassLoader systemClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
System.out.println(systemClassLoader);
//获取系统类加载器的父类加载器--》扩展类加载器
ClassLoader parent = systemClassLoader.getParent();
System.out.println(parent);
//获取扩展类加载器的父类加载器--》根加载器
ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent();
System.out.println(parent1);
//测试当前类是哪个加载器加载的
ClassLoader classLoader = Class.forName("com.reflection.Test05").getClassLoader();
System.out.println(classLoader);
//测试JDK内置类是谁加载的
classLoader = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getClassLoader();
System.out.println(classLoader);
//如何获得系统类加载器可以加载的路径
System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
/*
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\deploy.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\javaws.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\jce.jar;
:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\plugin.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\resources.jar;
D:\Java\jdk1.8.0_151\jre\lib\rt.jar;
D:\Study\IdeaProjects\JavaSE\out\production\基础语法;
D:\Study\AppJAVA\IntelliJ IDEA 2018.3.5\lib\idea_rt.jar
*/
}
}
获取类的运行时结构
//获得类的信息
public class Test06 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("com.reflection.User");
//获得类的名字
System.out.println(c1.getName());//获得包名+类名
System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName());//获得类名
//获得类的属性
System.out.println("=============");
Field[] fields = c1.getFields();//只能找到public属性
fields=c1.getDeclaredFields();//能找到所有属性
for (Field field:fields){
System.out.println(field);
}
//获得指定属性的值
Field name=c1.getDeclaredField("name");
System.out.println(name);
//获得类的方法
System.out.println("=============");
Method[] methods = c1.getMethods();
for (Method method :methods){
System.out.println("正常的"+method);//获得本类及其父类的全部public方法
}
methods=c1.getDeclaredMethods();
for (Method method : methods) {
System.out.println("getDeclareMethods"+method);//获得本类的所有方法
}
//获得指定的方法
Method getName = c1.getMethod("getName", null);
Method setName = c1.getMethod("setName", String.class);
System.out.println(getName);
System.out.println(setName);
//获得指定的构造器
System.out.println("=================");
Constructor[] constructors = c1.getConstructors();//获得public构造方法
for (Constructor constructor : constructors) {
System.out.println(constructor);
}
Constructor[] declaredConstructors = c1.getDeclaredConstructors();//获得全部构造方法
for (Constructor constructor : constructors) {
System.out.println("====="+constructor);
}
//获得指定的构造器
Constructor declaredConstructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
System.out.println(declaredConstructor);
}
}
动态创建类执行方法
//动态创建对象,通过反射
public class Test07 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, NoSuchFieldException {
//获得class对象
Class c1 = Class.forName("com.reflection.User");
//构造一个对象
//User user = (User) c1.newInstance();//本质上调用了类的无参构造器
//System.out.println(user);
//通过构造器创建对象
Constructor declaredConstructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
User han = (User) declaredConstructor.newInstance("han", 1, 1);
System.out.println(han);
//通过反射调用普通方法
User user3 = (User) c1.newInstance();
//通过反射获取一个方法
Method setName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);
setName.invoke(user3, "韩");//invoke激活,(对象,""方法的值)
System.out.println(user3.getName());
//通过反射操作属性
User user4 = (User) c1.newInstance();
Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
//不能直接操作私有属性,需要先关闭程序的安全监测
name.setAccessible(true);//关掉安全监测
name.set(user4, "hanhanhan");
System.out.println(user4.getName());
}
}
反射操作泛型
public class Test08 {
public void test01(Map<String,User> map , List<User> list){
System.out.println("test01");
}
public Map<String,User> test02(){
System.out.println("test02");
return null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {
Method method = Test08.class.getMethod("test01", Map.class, List.class);
Type[] genericParameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();//获取方法中的参数类型,返回数组
for (Type genericParameterType : genericParameterTypes) {
System.out.println("#"+genericParameterType);
if(genericParameterType instanceof ParameterizedType){
Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterType).getActualTypeArguments();
for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
}
}
}
method = Test08.class.getMethod("test02", null);
Type genericReturnType = method.getGenericReturnType();//获取方法的返回值类型
if(genericReturnType instanceof ParameterizedType){
Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericReturnType).getActualTypeArguments();
for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
}
}
}
}
反射操作注解
public class Test09 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("com.reflection.Student2");
//通过反射获得注解
Annotation[] annotations = c1.getAnnotations();
for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
System.out.println(annotation);
}
//获得注解的value值
Tablehan tablehan = (Tablehan) c1.getAnnotation(Tablehan.class);
String value=tablehan.value();
System.out.println(value);
//获得类指定的注解
Field f = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
Fieldhan annotation = f.getAnnotation(Fieldhan.class);
System.out.println(annotation.columnName());
System.out.println(annotation.type());
System.out.println(annotation.length());
}
}
@Tablehan("db_student")
class Student2{
@Fieldhan(columnName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10)
private int id ;
@Fieldhan(columnName = "db_age",type = "int",length = 10)
private int age;
@Fieldhan(columnName = "db_name",type = "varchar",length = 10)
private String name;
public Student2(){
}
public Student2(int id, int age, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student2{" +
"id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Tablehan{
String value();
}
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Fieldhan{
String columnName();
String type();
int length();
}