ffmpeg结构体（3）-之AVPacket及其相关函数

struct AVPacket定义于<libavcodec/packet.h>

struct AVPacket packet;

AVPacket中存储的是经过编码的压缩数据。
在解码中，AVPacket由解复用器(demuxer)输出到解码器，保存的是解复用之后，解码之前的数据；
在编码中，AVPacket由编码器输出到复用器(muxer)，保存的是编码之后，复用之前的数据。
下图中，解复用器(demuxer)的输出和复用器(muxer)的输入“encoded data packets”的数据类型就是AVPacket：

对于视频而言，一个AVPacket通常只包含一个压缩视频帧。而对于音频而言，一个AVPacket可能包含多个完整的音频压缩帧。AVPacket也可以不包含压缩编码数据，而只包含side data，这种包可以称为空packet。例如，编码结束后只需要更新一些参数时就可以发空packet。

AVPacket对象可以在栈上分配，注意此处指的是AVPacket对象本身。而AVPacket中包含的数据缓冲区是通过av_malloc()在堆上分配的。

1、AVPacket结构体的定义

/**
 * This structure stores compressed data. It is typically exported by demuxers
 * and then passed as input to decoders, or received as output from encoders and
 * then passed to muxers.
 *
 * For video, it should typically contain one compressed frame. For audio it may
 * contain several compressed frames. Encoders are allowed to output empty
 * packets, with no compressed data, containing only side data
 * (e.g. to update some stream parameters at the end of encoding).
 *
 * AVPacket is one of the few structs in FFmpeg, whose size is a part of public
 * ABI. Thus it may be allocated on stack and no new fields can be added to it
 * without libavcodec and libavformat major bump.
 *
 * The semantics of data ownership depends on the buf field.
 * If it is set, the packet data is dynamically allocated and is
 * valid indefinitely until a call to av_packet_unref() reduces the
 * reference count to 0.
 *
 * If the buf field is not set av_packet_ref() would make a copy instead
 * of increasing the reference count.
 *
 * The side data is always allocated with av_malloc(), copied by
 * av_packet_ref() and freed by av_packet_unref().
 *
 * @see av_packet_ref
 * @see av_packet_unref
 */
typedef struct AVPacket {
    /**
     * A reference to the reference-counted buffer where the packet data is
     * stored.
     * May be NULL, then the packet data is not reference-counted.
     */
    AVBufferRef *buf;
    /**
     * Presentation timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the decompressed packet will be presented to the user.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     * pts MUST be larger or equal to dts as presentation cannot happen before
     * decompression, unless one wants to view hex dumps. Some formats misuse
     * the terms dts and pts/cts to mean something different. Such timestamps
     * must be converted to true pts/dts before they are stored in AVPacket.
     */
    int64_t pts;
    /**
     * Decompression timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the packet is decompressed.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     */
    int64_t dts;
    uint8_t *data;
    int   size;
    int   stream_index;
    /**
     * A combination of AV_PKT_FLAG values
     */
    int   flags;
    /**
     * Additional packet data that can be provided by the container.
     * Packet can contain several types of side information.
     */
    AVPacketSideData *side_data;
    int side_data_elems;

    /**
     * Duration of this packet in AVStream->time_base units, 0 if unknown.
     * Equals next_pts - this_pts in presentation order.
     */
    int64_t duration;

    int64_t pos;                            ///< byte position in stream, -1 if unknown

#if FF_API_CONVERGENCE_DURATION
    /**
     * @deprecated Same as the duration field, but as int64_t. This was required
     * for Matroska subtitles, whose duration values could overflow when the
     * duration field was still an int.
     */
    attribute_deprecated
    int64_t convergence_duration;
#endif
} AVPacket;

uint8_t *data：压缩编码的数据。

例如对于H.264来说。1个AVPacket的data通常对应一个NAL。

因此在使用FFMPEG进行视音频处理的时候，常常可以将得到的AVPacket的data数据直接写成文件，从而得到视音频的码流文件。

int size：data的大小

int64_t pts：显示时间戳

int64_t dts：解码时间戳

int stream_index：标识该AVPacket所属的视频/音频流。

2、AVPacket相关函数

AVPacket的初始化函数有两个：av_init_packet()，av_new_packet()。
在初始化函数中，av_init_packet()比较简单，初始化一些字段；而av_new_packet()相对“高级”一些，除了包含av_init_packet()的功能之外，还包含了AVPacket内部内存的分配。下面分别看看这些函数。
销毁函数是av_packet_free()。

2.1av_init_packet()

av_init_packet()的声明位于libavcodec\packet.h，如下所示。

/**
 * Initialize optional fields of a packet with default values.
 *
 * Note, this does not touch the data and size members, which have to be
 * initialized separately.
 *
 * @param pkt packet
 */
void av_init_packet(AVPacket *pkt);

av_init_packet()的定义位于libavcodec\avpacket.c，如下所示。

void av_init_packet(AVPacket *pkt)
{
    pkt->pts                  = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
    pkt->dts                  = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
    pkt->pos                  = -1;
    pkt->duration             = 0;
#if FF_API_CONVERGENCE_DURATION
FF_DISABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS
    pkt->convergence_duration = 0;
FF_ENABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS
#endif
    pkt->flags                = 0;
    pkt->stream_index         = 0;
    pkt->buf                  = NULL;
    pkt->side_data            = NULL;
    pkt->side_data_elems      = 0;
}

2.2av_new_packet()

av_new_packet()的声明位于libavcodec\packet.h，如下所示。

/**
 * Allocate the payload of a packet and initialize its fields with
 * default values.
 *
 * @param pkt packet
 * @param size wanted payload size
 * @return 0 if OK, AVERROR_xxx otherwise
 */
int av_new_packet(AVPacket *pkt, int size);

av_new_packet()的定义位于libavcodec\avpacket.c，如下所示。

int av_new_packet(AVPacket *pkt, int size)
{
    AVBufferRef *buf = NULL;
    int ret = packet_alloc(&buf, size);
    if (ret < 0)
        return ret;

    av_init_packet(pkt);
    pkt->buf      = buf;
    pkt->data     = buf->data;
    pkt->size     = size;

    return 0;
}

从代码可以看出，av_new_packet()调用了av_init_packet(pkt)。此外还调用了一个函数packet_alloc()。packet_alloc()函数的定义如下。

static int packet_alloc(AVBufferRef **buf, int size)
{
    int ret;
    if (size < 0 || size >= INT_MAX - AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE)
        return AVERROR(EINVAL);

    ret = av_buffer_realloc(buf, size + AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE);
    if (ret < 0)
        return ret;

    memset((*buf)->data + size, 0, AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE);

    return 0;
}

packet_alloc()中调用av_buffer_realloc()为AVPacket分配内存，然后调用memset将分配的内存置0。

2.3av_packet_free()

av_packet_free的声明位于libavcodec\packet.h，如下所示。

/**
 * Free the packet, if the packet is reference counted, it will be
 * unreferenced first.
 *
 * @param pkt packet to be freed. The pointer will be set to NULL.
 * @note passing NULL is a no-op.
 */
void av_packet_free(AVPacket **pkt);

av_packet_free()的定义位于libavcodec\avpacket.c，如下所示。

void av_packet_free(AVPacket **pkt)
{
    if (!pkt || !*pkt)
        return;

    av_packet_unref(*pkt);
    av_freep(pkt);
}

3、参考文献

1、https://blog.csdn.net/yangguoyu8023/article/details/107496770