shell脚本学习-条件选择（if-else）&循环语句

51.条件选择语句：if else

if command #注意if与command之间的空格
then
    command 
    command
else
    command
fi

语法格式可如下：

if [ string/numeric expression]
then
    command
fi

if [[ string expression ]]
then
    command
fi

if (( numeric expression ))
then
    command
fi

x=10
y=20
(( x<y ))
echo $?
0

#!/bin/bash
a=100
if [ $a -eq 100 ]
then
    echo "a is equal to $a"
else
    echo "a is not equal"
fi

52.exit:退出命令。

#!/bin/bash
if (( $1 < 0 || $1 > 30 )) #另一种 写法：[ $1 -lt 0 -o $1 -gt 30 ] 
then
 echo "mdays is out of range"
 exit 2
 fi

53.stty -echo:禁止回显。

stty -echo
read -p "please enter a password :" password
if test "$password" == "ab"
then
echo "password is matching"
fi
stty echo
~

53.字符串NULL检测。

if [ "$string" = "" ] # [ ! "$string" ] or [ -z "$string" ]
then 
echo "the string is null"
fi

上一条命令的执行结果检查。

read -p "enter a user name : " user_name
grep "^$user_name" /etc/passwd > /dev/null
status=$?
if test $status -eq 0
then
echo "user '$user_name' is found id /etc/passwd."
else
echo "user '$user_name' is not found in /etc/passwd."
fi

54.if关键字进行文件操作。

#!/bin/bash
echo "$1 is: "
if ! [ -e $1 ]
then
    echo ".. do not exists"
    exit 
else
    echo "file is present"
fi

if [ -x $1 ]
then
    echo "..executable"
fi

if [ -r $1 ]
then 
    echo "..readable"
fi

if [ -w $1 ]
then
    echo "..wriable"
fi

#!/bin/bash
file1="File1"
file2="File2"
if cp $file1 $file2 #判断命令是否执行成功
then
    echo "copy command executed successfully"
    echo "content of file named fill copied in another file named file2"
else
    echo "some problem in command execution"
fi

55.逻辑运算符。|| &&

#!/bin/bash
echo "enter the first number"
read val_a
echo "enter the second number"
read val_b
#if [ $val_a ==1 ] && [ $val_b == 10 ] #有2种写法
if [[ $val_a ==1 && $val_b == 10 ]]
then
    echo "testing is successful"
else
    echo "testing is not successful"
fi

这2个运算符有个巧妙的使用方法

command1 || command2 # 如果command1的执行结果为true，那么command2不执行；如果为false，那么command2执行
command1 && command2 # 如果command1执行结果为true，command2执行；如果为false，command2不执行。

56.if/elif/else/fi

if exp1
then
    command
elif exp2
then
    command
else
    command
fi

57.空指令: :

#!/usr/bin/env bash
city=London
if  grep "$city" city_database_file >& /dev/null  #if后面可以跟bool表达式，也可以跟一个执行命令。当跟bool表达式时，需要用[[]] 或者[]包起来，但是如果跟的是执行命令，那么是不需要用[]包起来的。
then
  : #这里必须放指令，if的执行语句不能为空，所以得放置一个null命令。
else
  echo "citu is not found in city_database_file"
  exit 1
fi

58.case关键字

#!/usr/bin/env bash
echo "please enter any number from 1 to 9"
read number
case $number in
  1 ) echo "One"
    ;;
  2) echo "two"
    ;;
  3) echo three
    ;;
  4) echo four
    ;;
  5) echo five
    ;;
  6) echo "six"
    ;;
  *) echo "some onther number"
    ;;
esac

case $1 in
*@*.com) echo "valid email address"
    ;;
*) echo "invalid string"
    ;;
esac

case语法与交互
匹配还能够利用pattern去匹配。

#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter Day Of The Week"
read day
case $day in
 [mM][oO][nN][dD][aA][yY])
       echo "First Day is Monday"
       ;;
 [tT][uU][eE][sS][dD][aA][yY])
       echo "Second Day Tuesday"
       ;;
 [wW][eE][dD][nN][eE][sS][dD][aA][yY])
       echo "Third Day Wednesday"
       ;;
 [tT][hH][uU][rR][sS][dD][aA][yY])
       echo " Fourth Day Thursday"
       ;;
 [fF][rR][iI][dD][aA][yY])
       echo "Fifth Day Friday"
       ;;
 [sS][aA][tT][uU][rR][dD][aA][yY])
       echo "Sixth Day Saturday"
       ;;
 [sS][uU][nN][dD][aA][yY])
       echo "Seventh Day Sunday"
;; *)
   echo "Invalid Day of Week"
;; esac

shell获取当前月份

mth=$(data +%m)
#当前时间
#$ date +"%F %H:%M:%S"
case $mth in
02)
    echo "february usually has 28 days."
    echo "if it is a leap year,it has 29 days."
    ;;
04|06|09|11)
    echo "the current month has 30 days."
    ;;
*) 
    echo "the current month has 31 days."
    ;;
esac

59.select:选择交互功能

注意：这个是无限循环的，如果想退出的话，需要手动调用exit；
用户输入的值是存储在内置变量REPLY，而非自己给定的变量中。

PS3="please select any one : " #提示内容
select var1 in a bc def ghi jkl 
do
  echo "present value of var1 is $REPLY"
done

结合case命令

PS3="please select any one:"
select var in a b quit
do
  case $REPLY in
    a ) echo option is a
      ;;
      b) echo option is b
      ;;
    quit) exit
      ;;
    *) echo option is default
    ;;
  esac
done

break也可以跳出循环。

PS3="please select one of the above:"
select COMPONENT in comp1 comp2 comp3 all none
do
  case $REPLY in
    comp1 | comp2 | comp3 ) echo "comp1 or comp2 or comp3 selected"
      ;;
    all) echo "selected all"
      ;;
    none) break
      ;;
      *) echo "error: invalid selection,$REPLY."
      ;;
  esac
done

60.循环语句：for

for var in element1 element2 element3 element4 element5
do
    commands
done

无限循环：

for ((;;))
do
    command
done

例子：

for var in {1..10}
do
    echo $var
done

显示输入参数:

for var in $*
do
echo "command line contains: $var"
done

从文件读取输入：

for var in `cat file`
do
 echo "file contains $var"
done

从其他命令读取输入：

for var in $(ls /bin/*)
do
 echo -n -e "$var \t"
done

for filename in *.c
do 
    echo "copying $filename to $filename.bak"
    cp $filename $filename.bak
done

61.循环命令的continue关键字

for x in 1 2 3
do
    echo before $x
    continue 1 #跟编程中的continue关键字一样，不会执行continue后面的语句。
    echo after $x
done
exit 0

rm -fr sample*
echo > sample_1
echo > sample_2
mkdir sample_3
echo > sample_4

for file in sample*
do
  if [[ -d "$file" ]]; then
    echo "skipping directory $file"
    continue
  fi
  echo file is $file
done
rm -fr sample*
exit 0

若文件不存在，则拷贝到指定目录；存在，则跳过。

for file in `ls *.mp3`
do
    if test -e /MP3/$file
    then
        echo "the file $file exists
        continue
    fi
    cp $file /MP3
done

62.循环命令的关键字break

set -o nounset
typeset -i num=0
while true
do
  echo -n "enter any number (0 to exit):"  #statements
  read num
  if [[ $num == 0 ]]; then #使用[[]]时，变量取值加$,如果使用(()),变量取值不用加$
    break
  else
    echo "square of $num is $(( num * num ))."
  fi
done

echo "script has ended"

declare -i x
x=0
while [[ $x -le 10 ]]; do
  echo $x
  x=$((x+1))
done

63.until:循环条件控制语句,语义和while一致。

until command
do
    command(s)
done

例子：

x=0
until [[ $x -eq 10 ]]; do
  echo $x
  x=`expr $x + 1` #注意 $x + 1 之间要加空格
done

64.循环结果通过管道输出到shell命令。

for value in 10 5 27 33 14 25
do
    echo $value
done | sort -n