Servlet
1、Servlet简介
- Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
- Serlvet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServled
- Sun在这些APi中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做,Servle
- 如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
(1)编写一个类,实现Serlet接口
(2)把开发好java类部署到web服务器中。
2、HelloServlet
servlet接口的默认实现类之一
Servlet的具体实现步骤
- 构建一个普通的Maven项目,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立Moudel;这个空的工程就题Maven主工程;
关于Maven父子工程的理解;
父项目中会有
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用
son extends father
-
Maven环境优化
(1) 修改web.xml为最新的
(2) 将maven的结构搭建完整 -
编写一个Servlet程序
(1) 编写一个普通类
(2) 实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet(servlet接口的实现类)
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
writer.print("Hello,Serlvet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 编写Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器
所以我们需要再web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径;
<!--注册Servlet-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
-
配置Tomcat(自行百度)
注意:配置项目发布的路径就可以了 -
启动测试
3、Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:
4 Mapping问题
一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
一个servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello5</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
一个servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
默认请求路径
<!--默认请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
指定一些后缀或者前缀等等…
<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
注意点,*前面不能加项目映射的路径
hello/sajdlkajda.qinjiang
-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.qinjiang</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
优先级问题
已经指定写有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求;
<!--404-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
5 ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;
具体作用1、共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个servlet中拿到;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "秦疆"; //数据
context.setAttribute("username",username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为:username 。值 username
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
具体作用2、获取初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
具体作用3、请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
//RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
//requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发;
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
具体作用4、读取资源文件
- 在java目录下新建properties(属性)
- 在resources目录下新建properties
发现:都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath:
思路:需要一个文件流
username=root12312
password=zxczxczxc
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
6 HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest
对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
具体作用1、简单分类
(1) 负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
servletOutputstream getOutputstream() throws IOException;
Printwriter getwriter() throws IOException;
(2) 负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String varl,long var2)
void addDateHeader(String var1,long var2)
void setHeader(String var1,String var2);
void addHeader(String var1,String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1,int var2);
void addIntHeader(String varl,int var2);
默认响应的状态码
具体作用2、下载文件
1 向浏览器输出消息
2 下载文件
具体实现步骤:
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名是啥?
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputStream流写入到bufer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
java代码:
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "F:\\班级管理\\西开【19525】\\2、代码\\JavaWeb\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\target\\classes\\秦疆.png";
System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath);
// 2. 下载的文件名是啥?
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
// 3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码,否则有可能乱码
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
// 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
// 5. 创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
// 6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
// 7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
具体作用3、验证码功能
验证怎么来的?
- 前端实现
- 后端实现,需要用到Java的图片类,生产一个图片
package com.kuang.servlet;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次;
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics(); //笔
//设置图片的背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length() ; i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num = sb.toString() + num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>ImageServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ImageServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Imageservlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/img</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
常见应用场景:
- 用户登录
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
测试:
@override
protected void doGet(HttpservletRequest req, HttpservletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp. sendRedirect("/r/img");//重定向
/*
resp. setHeader("Location","/r/img");
resp. setstatus (302);
*
}
面试题: 请你聊一聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点
- 页面都会实现跳转
不同点
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化
- 重定向的时候,url地址会发生变化
index.jsp
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hel1o World!</h2>
《%--这里超交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext. request, contextPath}代表当前的项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext. request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名: <input type="text" name="username"> <br>
密码: <input type="password" name="password"> <br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
RequestTest.java
public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//处理方求
String username = req.getParameter( s: "username");
String password rea.getParameter( s: "password");
System.out.println(username+":"+password);
resp.sendRedirect(s: "/r/success.jsp");
}
重定向页面success.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>success</h1>
</body>
</html>
web.xml配置
<servlet>
<servlet-name>requset</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com. kuang. servlet. RequestTest</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>requset</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
导入依赖的jar包
<dependencies>
<!-- https://mvnrepository. com/artifact/javax. servLet/javax. servlet-opi -->
<dependency>
<groupld>javax.servlet</grouptd>
<artifactId>javax. servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/javax. servLet.jsp/javax. servLet.jsp-opi -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupld>
<artifactId>javax. servlet.jsp-api</artifactId>
<version>2.3.3</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
7 HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器
HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息;
获取参数,请求转发
自己创建类,且需要继承HttpServlet类
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpservletRequest req. HttpservletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
req. setcharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setcharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
System.out.println("==========");
//后台接收中文乱码问题
System. out.println(username);
System. out.println(password);
System. out.println(Arrays.tostring(hobbys));
System. out.println("============");
system. out.println(req.getContextPath());
//通过请求转发
//这里的/代表当前的web应用
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
面试题: 请你聊一聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点
- 页面都会实现跳转
不同点
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化
- 重定向的时候,url地址会发生变化