Java并发

Java核心技术-并发

模拟有若干个账户的银行，随机生成在这些账户之间转移钱的交易。每个账户有一个线程。每一笔交易中，会从线程所服务的账户中转移随机金额的钱款到另一个随机账户。源代码如下

import java.util.*;
public class BankTest
{
	public static final int NACCOUNTS=100;
	public static final double INITAL_BALANCE =1000;
	public static final double MAX_AMOUNT=1000;
	public static final int DELAY=10;
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		Bank bank=new Bank(NACCOUNTS,INITAL_BALANCE);
		for(int i=0;i<NACCOUNTS;i++)
		{
			int fromAccount=i;
                       //用lambda表达式实现的Runnable接口类
			Runnable r=()->{
				try
				{
					while(true)
					{
						int toAccount=(int)Math.random()*bank.size();
						double amount=Math.random()*MAX_AMOUNT;
						bank.transfer(fromAccount,toAccount,amount);
						Thread.sleep(DELAY*(int)Math.random());
					}
				}
				catch(InterruptedException e){}
			};
			Thread t=new Thread(r);
			t.start();
		}

	}
}
class Bank
{
	private final double[] accounts;
	public Bank(int n,double initialBalance)
	{
		accounts=new double[n];
		Arrays.fill(accounts,initialBalance);
	}
	public void transfer(int from,int to,double amount)
	{
		if(accounts[from]<amount) return;
		System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
		accounts[from]-=amount;
		System.out.printf("%10.2f from %d to %d ",amount,from,to);
		accounts[to]+=amount;
		System.out.printf("Total Balance :%10.2f\n",getTotalBalance());
	}
		public double getTotalBalance()
		{
			double sum=0;
			for(double money:accounts)
				sum+=money;
			return sum;
		}
		public int size()
		{
			return accounts.length;
		}
}

以上代码并没有进行同步控制，多个线程需要对共享的数据进行存取，由于线程之间的时间片轮转机制，就会导致运行结果的错误。运行结果如下：

显然可以看出，当一个线程还没有运行完时，就被剥夺了运行权，cpu执行另一个线程。由于此程序创建的线程较多，并且在线程中有延时的代码，所以会出现这种很多线程交叉运行的情况。可以看出TotalBalance已经不是100000了，正式由于不同线程对共享数据的存取导致的。

可以使用Java中的synchronized关键字实现不同线程对共享数据互斥的访问。如下所示：

	public synchronized void transfer(int from,int to,double amount)
	{
		if(accounts[from]<amount) return;
		System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
		accounts[from]-=amount;
		System.out.printf("%10.2f from %d to %d ",amount,from,to);
		accounts[to]+=amount;
		System.out.printf("Total Balance :%10.2f\n",getTotalBalance());
	}

只要对有存取共享数据的函数加词关键字即可。运行结果如下：

另一种实现方法是，使用自己定义的锁。

	public void transfer(int from,int to,double amount)
	{
		banklock.lock();
		try
		{		
			if(accounts[from]<amount) return;
			System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
			accounts[from]-=amount;
			System.out.printf("%10.2f from %d to %d ",amount,from,to);
			accounts[to]+=amount;
			System.out.printf("Total Balance :%10.2f\n",getTotalBalance());
		}
		finally{banklock.unlock();}
	}

		public double getTotalBalance()
		{
			banklock.lock();
			try
			{
				double sum=0;
				for(double money:accounts)
					sum+=money;
				return sum;
			}
			finally{banklock.unlock();}
		}

getTotalBalance也访问了公共数据所以也要加锁。运行结果同上。