Java核心技术-并发
模拟有若干个账户的银行,随机生成在这些账户之间转移钱的交易。每个账户有一个线程。每一笔交易中,会从线程所服务的账户中转移随机金额的钱款到另一个随机账户。源代码如下
import java.util.*;
public class BankTest
{
public static final int NACCOUNTS=100;
public static final double INITAL_BALANCE =1000;
public static final double MAX_AMOUNT=1000;
public static final int DELAY=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Bank bank=new Bank(NACCOUNTS,INITAL_BALANCE);
for(int i=0;i<NACCOUNTS;i++)
{
int fromAccount=i;
//用lambda表达式实现的Runnable接口类
Runnable r=()->{
try
{
while(true)
{
int toAccount=(int)Math.random()*bank.size();
double amount=Math.random()*MAX_AMOUNT;
bank.transfer(fromAccount,toAccount,amount);
Thread.sleep(DELAY*(int)Math.random());
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e){}
};
Thread t=new Thread(r);
t.start();
}
}
}
class Bank
{
private final double[] accounts;
public Bank(int n,double initialBalance)
{
accounts=new double[n];
Arrays.fill(accounts,initialBalance);
}
public void transfer(int from,int to,double amount)
{
if(accounts[from]<amount) return;
System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
accounts[from]-=amount;
System.out.printf("%10.2f from %d to %d ",amount,from,to);
accounts[to]+=amount;
System.out.printf("Total Balance :%10.2f\n",getTotalBalance());
}
public double getTotalBalance()
{
double sum=0;
for(double money:accounts)
sum+=money;
return sum;
}
public int size()
{
return accounts.length;
}
}
以上代码并没有进行同步控制,多个线程需要对共享的数据进行存取,由于线程之间的时间片轮转机制,就会导致运行结果的错误。运行结果如下:
显然可以看出,当一个线程还没有运行完时,就被剥夺了运行权,cpu执行另一个线程。由于此程序创建的线程较多,并且在线程中有延时的代码,所以会出现这种很多线程交叉运行的情况。可以看出TotalBalance已经不是100000了,正式由于不同线程对共享数据的存取导致的。
可以使用Java中的synchronized关键字实现不同线程对共享数据互斥的访问。如下所示:
public synchronized void transfer(int from,int to,double amount)
{
if(accounts[from]<amount) return;
System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
accounts[from]-=amount;
System.out.printf("%10.2f from %d to %d ",amount,from,to);
accounts[to]+=amount;
System.out.printf("Total Balance :%10.2f\n",getTotalBalance());
}
只要对有存取共享数据的函数加词关键字即可。运行结果如下:
另一种实现方法是,使用自己定义的锁。
public void transfer(int from,int to,double amount)
{
banklock.lock();
try
{
if(accounts[from]<amount) return;
System.out.print(Thread.currentThread());
accounts[from]-=amount;
System.out.printf("%10.2f from %d to %d ",amount,from,to);
accounts[to]+=amount;
System.out.printf("Total Balance :%10.2f\n",getTotalBalance());
}
finally{banklock.unlock();}
}
public double getTotalBalance()
{
banklock.lock();
try
{
double sum=0;
for(double money:accounts)
sum+=money;
return sum;
}
finally{banklock.unlock();}
}
getTotalBalance也访问了公共数据所以也要加锁。运行结果同上。