11.重载示例（下）

1.重载new()/delete()

   我们可以重载class member operator new()，写出很多版本，前提是每一版本的声明都必须有独特的参数列表，其中第一个参数必须是size_t，其与参数以new所指定的placement arguments为初值。出现于new(......)小括号内的便是所谓placement arguments。

  Foo* pf = new (300, 'c') Foo;

  我们可以重载class member operator delete()，写出很多版本。但它们绝不会被delete调用。只有当new所调用的ctor抛出exception，才会调用这些重载版本的operator delete()。它只可能这样被调用，主要用来归还未能完全创建成功的object所占用的memory。

2.示例

#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>

using namespace std;

class Bad {
};


class Foo {
public:
	Foo() {
		cout << "Foo::Foo()" << endl;
	}
	Foo(int) {
		cout << "Foo::Foo(int)" << endl;
		throw Bad();
	}
public:
	//(1)这个就是一般的operator new()的重载
	void* operator new(size_t size) {
		return malloc(size);
	}
	//(2)这个就是标准库已提供的placement new() 的重载(的形式)
	//(所以我也模拟stand placement new,就只是传回pointer)
	void* operator new(size_t size, void* start) {
		return start;
	}
	//(3)崭新的placement new
	void* operator new(size_t size, long extra) {
		return malloc(size + extra);
	}
	//(4)这又是一个placement new
	void* operator new(size_t size, long extra, char init) {
		return malloc(size + extra);
	}
	//(5)这又是一个placement new，但故意写错第一参数的type
	//(那必须是size_t以符合正常的operato new)
	//! void* operator new(long extra, char init) {
	//	return malloc(extra);
	//	}
	
	//以下是搭配上述placement new 的各个所谓placement delete.
	//当ctor发出异常，这儿对应的operator (placement) delete 就会被调用
	//其用途是释放对应之placement new分配所得的memory.
	//(1)
	void operator delete(void*, size_t) {
		cout << "void operator delete(void*, size_t)" << endl;
	}
	//(2)
	void operator delete(void*, void*) {
		cout << "void operator delete(void*, void*)" << endl;
	}
	//(3)
	void operator delete(void*, long) {
		cout << "void operator delete(void*, long)" << endl;
	}
	//(4)
	void operator delete(void*, long , char ) {
		cout << "void operator delete(void*, long , char )" << endl;
	}
private: 
	int m_i;
};


int main() {
	Foo start;
	Foo* p1 = new Foo;
	Foo* p2 = new(&start) Foo;
	Foo* p3 = new(100) Foo;
	Foo* p4 = new(100, 'a') Foo;
	Foo* p5 = new(100) Foo(1);
	Foo* p6 = new(100, 'a') Foo(1);
	Foo* p7 = new(&start) Foo(1);
	Foo* p8 = new Foo(1);

	
	return 0;
}

3.basic_string 使用 new(extra)扩充申请量