linux学习lesson21

目录

1 安装软件包的三种方法

2 rpm包介绍

3 rpm工具用法

4 yum工具用法

5 yum搭建本地仓库

---

1 安装软件包的三种方法

• rpm工具

RPM包是预先在Linux机器上编译并打包的文件，安装非常快捷。但它也有一些缺点，比如安装环境必须与编译时的环境一致或者相当，包与包之间存在着相互依赖的情况，卸载包时需要先把依赖的包卸载。如果依赖的包是系统所必需的，就不能卸载这个包，否则系统会崩溃。

• yum工具

yum工具最大的优势在于可以联网去下载所需要的RPM包，然后自动安装。如果要安装的RPM包有依赖关系，yum工具会帮我们依次安装所有相关的RPM包

• 源码包

安装源码包，需要我们把源代码编译成可执行的二进制文件。如果你能读懂这些源代码，就可以修改这些源代码的自定义功能，然后再按你的需求编译。使用源码包除了可以自定义修改源代码外，还可以定制相关的能，因为源码包在编译时可以附加额外的选项

 

2 rpm包介绍

[root@worker1 mnt]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@worker1 mnt]# cd /mnt/Packages/
[root@worker1 Packages]# ls | head
389-ds-base-1.3.4.0-19.el7.x86_64.rpm
389-ds-base-libs-1.3.4.0-19.el7.x86_64.rpm
abattis-cantarell-fonts-0.0.16-3.el7.noarch.rpm
abrt-2.1.11-36.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-36.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-kerneloops-2.1.11-36.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-pstoreoops-2.1.11-36.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-python-2.1.11-36.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-vmcore-2.1.11-36.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-xorg-2.1.11-36.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm

• 例如：abrt-2.1.11-45.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm

第一段：包名

第二段：版本号

第三段：发布版本号

第四段：运行平台

 

3 rpm工具用法

rpm -ivh rpm包文件 //安装

rpm -Uvh rpm包文件  //升级

rpm -e  包名 //卸载

rpm -qa //查询安装的包

rpm -q 包名 //查询指定包是否安装

rpm -qi 包名 //查询指定包信息

rpm -ql 包名 //列出包安装的文件

rpm -qf 文件绝对路径  //查看一个文件是由哪个包安装的

[root@worker1 mnt]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@worker1 mnt]# cd /mnt/Packages/

• 安装rpm包

[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-14.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:zsh-5.0.2-14.el7                 ################################# [100%]

• 卸载rpm包

[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -e zsh

• 查询安装的包

[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -qa | head
microcode_ctl-2.1-12.el7.x86_64
centos-release-7-2.1511.el7.centos.2.10.x86_64
openssh-server-6.6.1p1-22.el7.x86_64
filesystem-3.2-20.el7.x86_64
parted-3.1-23.el7.x86_64
kbd-misc-1.15.5-11.el7.noarch
selinux-policy-targeted-3.13.1-60.el7.noarch
linux-firmware-20150904-43.git6ebf5d5.el7.noarch
authconfig-6.2.8-10.el7.x86_64
nss-softokn-freebl-3.16.2.3-13.el7_1.x86_64

• 查询指定包是否安装

[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -q ppp
ppp-2.4.5-33.el7.x86_64

• 查询指定包信息

[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -qi vim-enhanced
Name        : vim-enhanced
Epoch       : 2
Version     : 7.4.160
Release     : 4.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Wed 26 Sep 2018 06:25:40 AM CST
Group       : Applications/Editors
Size        : 2296714
License     : Vim
Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Wed 25 Apr 2018 07:50:34 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM  : vim-7.4.160-4.el7.src.rpm
Build Date  : Wed 11 Apr 2018 07:55:09 AM CST
Build Host  : x86-01.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager    : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor      : CentOS
URL         : http://www.vim.org/
Summary     : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
Description :
VIM (VIsual editor iMproved) is an updated and improved version of the
vi editor.  Vi was the first real screen-based editor for UNIX, and is
still very popular.  VIM improves on vi by adding new features:
multiple windows, multi-level undo, block highlighting and more.  The
vim-enhanced package contains a version of VIM with extra, recently
introduced features like Python and Perl interpreters.

Install the vim-enhanced package if you'd like to use a version of the
VIM editor which includes recently added enhancements like
interpreters for the Python and Perl scripting languages.  You'll also
need to install the vim-common package.

• 列出包安装的文件

[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -ql vim-enhanced
/etc/profile.d/vim.csh
/etc/profile.d/vim.sh
/usr/bin/rvim
/usr/bin/vim
/usr/bin/vimdiff
/usr/bin/vimtutor

• 查看一个文件是由哪个包安装的

[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/ls
coreutils-8.22-15.el7.x86_64
or
[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -qf `which cd`
bash-4.2.46-19.el7.x86_64
[root@worker1 Packages]# rpm -qf `which vim`
vim-enhanced-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64

 

4 yum工具用法

• yum list  //列出可用rpm包

[root@worker1 Packages]# yum list | head
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Installed Packages
NetworkManager.x86_64                       1:1.0.6-27.el7             @anaconda
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64                 1:1.0.6-27.el7             @anaconda
NetworkManager-team.x86_64                  1:1.0.6-27.el7             @anaconda
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64                   1:1.0.6-27.el7             @anaconda


Exiting on Broken Pipe

• yum的下载源配置文件/etc/yum.repos.d/

[root@worker1 Packages]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo  CentOS-Debuginfo.repo  CentOS-Media.repo    CentOS-Vault.repo
CentOS-CR.repo    CentOS-fasttrack.repo  CentOS-Sources.repo
yum search vim  //搜索包
[root@worker1 Packages]# yum search vim
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
===================================== N/S matched: vim ======================================
protobuf-vim.x86_64 : Vim syntax highlighting for Google Protocol Buffers descriptions
vim-X11.x86_64 : The VIM version of the vi editor for the X Window System
vim-common.x86_64 : The common files needed by any version of the VIM editor
vim-enhanced.x86_64 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
vim-filesystem.x86_64 : VIM filesystem layout
vim-minimal.x86_64 : A minimal version of the VIM editor

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

• yum install [-y] -y表示同意安装

[root@worker1 Packages]# yum install -y vim-enhanced
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
base                                                                  | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                               | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Package 2:vim-enhanced-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do

• yum grouplist //可用的组列出

[root@worker1 Packages]# yum grouplist | head -20
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Available Environment Groups:
   Minimal Install
   Compute Node
   Infrastructure Server
   File and Print Server
   Basic Web Server
   Virtualization Host
   Server with GUI
   GNOME Desktop
   KDE Plasma Workspaces
   Development and Creative Workstation
Available Groups:
   Compatibility Libraries
   Console Internet Tools
   Development Tools

• yum groupinstall  [-y] //安装组

[root@worker1 Packages]# yum grouplist -y 'GNOME Desktop'

• yum remove [-y] //卸载包并将依赖包删除

[root@worker1 Packages]# yum remove -y vim-enhanced

• yum update [-y] //更新包，系统版本，内核（一般安装完系统使用）
• yum provides “/*/vim” //查询没安装包名

[root@worker1 Packages]# yum provides "/*/vim"

 

5 yum搭建本地仓库

[root@worker1 Packages]# cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d/ /etc/yum.repos.d.bak
[root@worker1 Packages]# rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*       

[root@worker1 yum.repos.d]# vim dvd.repo

[dvd]
name=install dvd
baseurl=file:///mnt
enable=1
gpgcheck=0
~                                                                                            
~                                                                                            
~     

 

[root@worker1 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: dvd
Cleaning up everything
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
[root@worker1 yum.repos.d]# yum list | tail -20
xulrunner.x86_64                        31.6.0-2.el7.centos            dvd      
xvattr.x86_64                           1.3-27.el7                     dvd      
xz-devel.x86_64                         5.1.2-12alpha.el7              dvd      
yajl.x86_64                             2.0.4-4.el7                    dvd      
yelp.x86_64                             1:3.14.2-1.el7                 dvd      
yelp-libs.x86_64                        1:3.14.2-1.el7                 dvd      
yelp-xsl.noarch                         3.14.0-1.el7                   dvd      
yp-tools.x86_64                         2.14-3.el7                     dvd      
ypbind.x86_64                           3:1.37.1-7.el7                 dvd      
ypserv.x86_64                           2.31-8.el7                     dvd      
yum-langpacks.noarch                    0.4.2-4.el7                    dvd      
yum-plugin-aliases.noarch               1.1.31-34.el7                  dvd      
yum-plugin-changelog.noarch             1.1.31-34.el7                  dvd      
yum-plugin-tmprepo.noarch               1.1.31-34.el7                  dvd      
yum-plugin-verify.noarch                1.1.31-34.el7                  dvd      
yum-plugin-versionlock.noarch           1.1.31-34.el7                  dvd      
yum-utils.noarch                        1.1.31-34.el7                  dvd      
zenity.x86_64                           3.8.0-5.el7                    dvd      
zlib-devel.x86_64                       1.2.7-15.el7                   dvd      
zziplib.x86_64                          0.13.62-5.el7                  dvd   

 

扩展
1. yum保留已经安装过的包 http://www.360doc.com/content/11/0218/15/4171006_94080041.shtml
2. 搭建局域网yum源http://blog.lishiming.net/?p=500