Java多线程详细学习及扩展
学习视频:b站狂神–多线程篇
一、概述
1.1、名词解释
- 程序(application):程序是指令和数据的有序集合,其本身没有任何的运行的含义,是一个静态的概念。
- 进程(process):进程是执行程序的一次执行过程,它是一个动态的概念。是系统资源分配的单位
- 线程(thread):是操作系统能够进行运算调度的最小单位。它被包含在进程之中,是进程中的实际运作单位。一条线程指的是进程中一个单一顺序的控制流,一个进程中可以并发多个线程,每条线程并行执行不同的任务。
- 通常在一个进程中可以包含若干个线程,当然一个进程中至少有一个线程(我们平时的main线程就是保证至少有一个线程)。
注意:很多多线程是模拟出来了,真正的多线程是指有多个cpu,即多核,如服务器。如果是模拟出来的多线程,即在一个cpu的情况下,在同一个时间点,cpu只能执行一个代码,因为切换很快,所以就有同时执行的错觉。
1.2、核心概念
- 线程就是独立的执行路径;
- 在程序运行时,即使没有自己创建线程,后台也会有多个线程,如主线程,gc线程;
- main()称之为主线程,为系统的入口,用于执行整个程序;
- 在一个进程中,如果开辟了多个线程,线程的运行由调度器安排调度,调度器是与操作系统紧密相关的,先后顺序是不能人为的干预。
- 对同一份资源操作时,会存在资源抢夺的问题,需要加入并发控制;
- 线程会带来额外的开销,如cpu调度时间,并发控制开销。
- 每个线程在自己的工作内存的交互,内存控制不当会造成数据的不一致
二、Thread类
2.1、继承Thread类
package com.lxf.demo01;
//创建线程方式一:继承Thread类,重写run()方法,调用start开启线程
public class TestThread1 extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
//run方法线程体
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码----"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//main线程,主线程
//创建一个线程对象
TestThread1 testThread1=new TestThread1();
//调用start()方法开启线程
testThread1.start();
for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习多线程--"+i);
}
}
}
2.2、多线程下图片
package com.lxf.demo01;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
//练习Thread,实现多线程同步下载图片
public class TestThread2 implements Runnable{
private String url;//网络图片地址
private String name;//保存的文件名
public TestThread2(String url,String name){
this.url=url;
this.name=name;
}
//下载图片线程的执行体
@Override
public void run() {
WebDownloader webDownloader=new WebDownloader();
webDownloader.downloader(url,name);
System.out.println("下载了文件名为:"+name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread2 t1=new TestThread2("https://www.12306.cn/index/images/pic/banner08.jpg","08.jpg");
TestThread2 t2=new TestThread2("https://www.12306.cn/index/images/pic/banner19.jpg","19.jpg");
TestThread2 t3=new TestThread2("https://www.12306.cn/index/images/pic/banner25.jpg","25.jpg");
new Thread(t1).start();
new Thread(t2).start();
new Thread(t3).start();
}
}
//下载器
class WebDownloader{
//下载方法
public void downloader(String url,String name) {
try {
FileUtils.copyURLToFile(new URL(url),new File(name));
}catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("IO异常,downloader方法出现异常");
}
}
}
三、Runnable接口
3.1继承Runnable接口
package com.lxf.demo01;
//创建线程方式2:实现runnable接口,重写run方法,执行线程需要的丢入runnable接口实现类,调用start方法。
public class TestThread3 implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
//run方法线程体
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("我在看代码----"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//main线程,主线程
//创建runnable接口的实现类对象
TestThread3 testThread3=new TestThread3();
//调用start()方法开启线程
new Thread(testThread3).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
System.out.println("我在学习多线程--"+i);
}
}
}
3.2多线程抢票
package com.lxf.demo01;
//多个线程同时操作同一个对象
//购买火车票的例子
//问题:多个线程操作同一个资源的情况下,线程不安全,数据混乱
public class TestThread4 implements Runnable{
//票数
private int ticketNums=10;
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
if(ticketNums<=0){
break;
}
//模拟延时
try{
Thread.sleep(200);
}catch (InterruptedException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"拿到了第"+ticketNums--+"票");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread4 ticket=new TestThread4();
new Thread(ticket,"小明").start();
new Thread(ticket,"老师").start();
new Thread(ticket,"黄牛党").start();
new Thread(ticket,"小红").start();
new Thread(ticket,"小黑").start();
new Thread(ticket,"小编").start();
}
}
四、callable接口
多线程下载图片
package com.lxf.demo02;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
//线程创建方式三:实现callable接口
public class TestCallable implements Callable<Boolean> {
private String url;//网络图片地址
private String name;//保存的文件名
public TestCallable(String url, String name) {
this.url = url;
this.name = name;
}
//下载图片线程的执行体
@Override
public Boolean call() {
WebDownloader webDownloader = new WebDownloader();
webDownloader.downloader(url, name);
System.out.println("下载了文件名为:" + name);
return true;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
TestCallable t1 = new TestCallable("https://www.12306.cn/index/images/pic/banner08.jpg", "08.jpg");
TestCallable t2 = new TestCallable("https://www.12306.cn/index/images/pic/banner19.jpg", "19.jpg");
TestCallable t3 = new TestCallable("https://www.12306.cn/index/images/pic/banner25.jpg", "25.jpg");
//创建执行服务
ExecutorService ser = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
//提交执行
Future<Boolean> r1 = ser.submit(t1);
Future<Boolean> r2 = ser.submit(t2);
Future<Boolean> r3 = ser.submit(t3);
//获取结果
boolean rs1 = r1.get();
boolean rs2 = r2.get();
boolean rs3 = r3.get();
//关闭服务
ser.shutdown();
}
}
//下载器
class WebDownloader{
//下载方法
public void downloader(String url,String name) {
try {
FileUtils.copyURLToFile(new URL(url),new File(name));
}catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("IO异常,downloader方法出现异常");
}
}
}
五、Lambda表达式(jdk1.8新特性)
package com.lxf.demo02;
public class MyLambda {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyLambda myLambda=new MyLambda();
//重写加法
MathOperation addition=(int a,int b)->a+b;
System.out.println(addition.operation(10,5));
//重写减法
MathOperation subtraction=(int a,int b)->a-b;
System.out.println(subtraction.operation(10,5));
//乘法
MathOperation multiplication=(int a,int b)->{return a*b;};
System.out.println(multiplication.operation(10,5));
//减法
MathOperation division= (int a, int b) -> a / b;
System.out.println(division.operation(10,5));
System.out.println("10 + 5 = " + myLambda.operate(10, 5, addition));
System.out.println("10 - 5 = " + myLambda.operate(10, 5, subtraction));
System.out.println("10 x 5 = " + myLambda.operate(10, 5, multiplication));
System.out.println("10 / 5 = " + myLambda.operate(10, 5, division));
// 不用括号
GreetingService greetService1 = message ->
System.out.println("Hello " + message);
// 用括号
GreetingService greetService2 = (message) ->
System.out.println("Hello " + message);
greetService1.sayMessage("Runoob");
greetService2.sayMessage("Google");
}
interface MathOperation{
int operation(int a,int b);
}
interface GreetingService{
void sayMessage(String message);
}
public int operate(int a,int b,MathOperation mathOperation){
return mathOperation.operation(a,b);
}
}
六、守护线程
package com.lxf.demo03;
//测试守护线程
public class TestDaemon {
public static void main(String[] args) {
God god=new God();
You you=new You();
Thread thread=new Thread(god);
thread.setDaemon(true);//默认false
thread.start();//上帝守护线程启动
new Thread(you).start();//你用户线程
}
}
//上帝
class God implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
System.out.println("上帝保护着你");
}
}
}
//你
class You implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i <365 ; i++) {
System.out.println("你一生都开心的或者");
}
System.out.println("==========Goodbye,world!=============");
}
}
七、线程抢占join方法
package com.lxf.demo03;
public class TestJoin {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyJoin myJoin=new MyJoin();
Thread thread=new Thread(myJoin);
//主线程
for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
if(i==200){
thread.start();
thread.join();//插队
//terminated
}
System.out.println("这是main方法第"+i+"步");
}
}
}
class MyJoin implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
System.out.println("这是join方法第"+i+"步");
}
}
}
八、线程的优先级
package com.lxf.demo03;
public class TestPriority {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//主线程默认优先级
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
MyPriority myPriority=new MyPriority();
Thread t1=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t2=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t3=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t4=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t5=new Thread(myPriority);
Thread t6=new Thread(myPriority);
//先设置优先级,再启动
t1.start();
t2.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
t2.start();
t3.setPriority(4);
t3.start();
t4.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
t4.start();
t5.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);
t5.start();
t6.setPriority(8);
t6.start();
}
}
class MyPriority implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}
九、线程休眠sleep方法
package com.lxf.demo03;
import com.lxf.demo01.TestThread4;
public class TestSleep implements Runnable {
//票数
private int ticketNums = 10;
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
if (ticketNums <= 0) {
break;
}
//模拟延时
try {
Thread.sleep(200);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "拿到了第" + ticketNums-- + "票");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread4 ticket = new TestThread4();
new Thread(ticket, "小明").start();
new Thread(ticket, "老师").start();
new Thread(ticket,"黄牛党").start();
//new Thread(ticket,"小红").start();
// new Thread(ticket,"小黑").start();
// new Thread(ticket,"小编").start();
}
}
十、线程状态
package com.lxf.demo03;
//观察测试线程的状态
public class TestState {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread=new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("");
});
//观测状态
Thread.State state=thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);//NEw
//观察启动后
thread.start();//启动线程
state=thread.getState();//
System.out.println(state);//Run
int i=0;
while(state!=Thread.State.TERMINATED){//只要线程不终止,就一直输出状态
Thread.sleep(100);
state=thread.getState();//更新线程状态
System.out.println(state+","+i);
i++;
}
}
}
十一、线程礼让yield方法
package com.lxf.demo03;
public class TestYield {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyYield myYield=new MyYield();
new Thread(myYield,"A").start();
new Thread(myYield,"B").start();
}
}
class MyYield implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程开始执行");
Thread.yield();//礼让
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程停止执行");
}
}
十二、线程安全的集合
12.1不安全list示例:
package com.lxf.syn;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class UnsafeList {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
List<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
new Thread(()->{
synchronized(list){
list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}).start();
}
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println(list.size());
}
}
12.2不安全list示例:
package com.lxf.syn;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
public class TestJUC {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
CopyOnWriteArrayList<String> list=new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
new Thread(()->{
list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}).start();
}
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println(list.size());
}
}
十三、多线程抢票安全(synchronized)
package com.lxf.syn;
public class SafeBuyTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTicket buyTicket=new BuyTicket();
new Thread(buyTicket,"苦逼的你").start();
new Thread(buyTicket,"牛逼的我").start();
new Thread(buyTicket,"可恶的黄牛党").start();
}
}
class BuyTicket implements Runnable{
//票
private int ticketNums=10;
boolean flag=true;
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while (flag){
try {
buy();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
private synchronized void buy() throws InterruptedException {
if(ticketNums<=0){
flag=false;
return;
}
//模拟延时
Thread.sleep(1000);
//买票
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"拿到"+ticketNums--);
}
}
十四、多线程抢票安全(ReentrantLock )
package com.lxf.senior;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class TestLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestLock2 testLock2=new TestLock2();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
new Thread(testLock2).start();
}
}
class TestLock2 implements Runnable{
int tickeNums=10;
//定义lock锁
private final ReentrantLock lock=new ReentrantLock();
@Override
public void run() {
while(true){
try{
lock.lock();//枷锁
if(tickeNums>0){
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(tickeNums--);
}else{
break;
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();//解锁
}
}
}
}
十五、死锁
满足条件:
- 互斥条件:一个资源每次只能被一个进程使用
- 请求与保持:一个进程因请求资源而阻塞时,对已获得的资源保持不放
- 循环等待条件:若干个进程之间形成一种头尾相接的循环等待资源关系
- 不可剥夺:进程已获得的资源,在未使用完之前,不能强行剥夺
package com.lxf.lock;
public class DeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Makeup makeup1=new Makeup(0,"我");
Makeup makeup2=new Makeup(1,"你");
makeup1.start();
makeup2.start();
}
}
//口红
class LipStick{
}
//镜子
class Mirror{
}
class Makeup extends Thread{
//需要的资源只有一份,用static来保证
static LipStick lipStick=new LipStick();
static Mirror mirror=new Mirror();
int choice;//选择
String girlName;//使用化妆品的人
Makeup(int choice,String girlName){
this.choice=choice;
this.girlName=girlName;
}
@Override
public void run() {
//化妆
try {
makeup();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//化妆,互相持有对方的锁,就是需要拿到对方的资源
private void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
if(choice==0){
synchronized (lipStick){//获得口红的锁
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获取口红的锁");
Thread.sleep(1000);
synchronized (mirror){
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得镜子的锁");
}
}
}else{
synchronized (mirror){//获得镜子的锁
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获取镜子的锁");
Thread.sleep(1000);
synchronized (lipStick){//获得口红的锁
System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得口红的锁");
}
}
}
}
}
解决方法:
-
只要打破其中任意一个或多个条件就可以避免死锁发生
-
package com.lxf.lock; public class DeadLock { public static void main(String[] args) { Makeup makeup1=new Makeup(0,"我"); Makeup makeup2=new Makeup(1,"你"); makeup1.start(); makeup2.start(); } } //口红 class LipStick{ } //镜子 class Mirror{ } class Makeup extends Thread{ //需要的资源只有一份,用static来保证 static LipStick lipStick=new LipStick(); static Mirror mirror=new Mirror(); int choice;//选择 String girlName;//使用化妆品的人 Makeup(int choice,String girlName){ this.choice=choice; this.girlName=girlName; } @Override public void run() { //化妆 try { makeup(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } //化妆,互相持有对方的锁,就是需要拿到对方的资源 private void makeup() throws InterruptedException { if(choice==0){ synchronized (lipStick){//获得口红的锁 System.out.println(this.girlName+"获取口红的锁"); Thread.sleep(1000); } synchronized (mirror){ System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得镜子的锁"); } }else{ synchronized (mirror){//获得镜子的锁 System.out.println(this.girlName+"获取镜子的锁"); Thread.sleep(1000); } synchronized (lipStick){//获得口红的锁 System.out.println(this.girlName+"获得口红的锁"); } } } }
十六、生产者与消费者(管程法)
package com.lxf.senior;
//管程法
public class TestPC {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SynContainer synContainer=new SynContainer();
new Productor(synContainer).start();
new Consumer(synContainer).start();
}
}
//生产者
class Productor extends Thread{
SynContainer container;
public Productor(SynContainer container){
this.container=container;
}
//生产
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <=100; i++) {
container.push(new Chicken(i));
System.out.println("生产了"+i+"只鸡");
}
}
}
//消费者
class Consumer extends Thread{
SynContainer container;
public Consumer(SynContainer container){
this.container=container;
}
//生产
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
System.out.println("消费了-->"+container.pop().id+"只鸡");
}
}
}
//产品
class Chicken{
int id;//产品编号
public Chicken(int id){
this.id=id;
}
}
//缓冲区
class SynContainer{
//容器大小
Chicken[] chickens=new Chicken[10];
//计数器
int count=0;
//生产者放入产品
public synchronized void push(Chicken chicken){
//满-》等待消费
if(count==chickens.length){
//通知消费者消费,生产等待
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//未满-》加入商品
chickens[count]=chicken;
count++;
//通知消费者可以消费了
this.notifyAll();
}
//消费者消费产品
public synchronized Chicken pop(){
//判断能否消费
if(count==0){
//等待生产者,消费者等待
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//如果可以消费
count--;
Chicken chicken=chickens[count];
//吃完了,通知生产者生产
this.notifyAll();
return chicken;
}
}
十七、生产者与消费者(信号灯法)
package com.lxf.senior;
//信号灯法
public class TestPC2 {
}
//生产者-->演员
class Player extends Thread{
TV tv;
public Player(TV tv){
this.tv=tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
if(i%2==0){
this.tv.play("快乐大本营播放中");
}else{
this.tv.play("抖音:记录有钱人的美好生活");
}
}
}
}
//消费者-->观众
class Watcher extends Thread{
TV tv;
public Watcher(TV tv){
this.tv=tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
tv.watch();
}
}
}
//产品-->节目
class TV{
//演员表演,观众等待
//观众表演,演员等待
String voice;//表演的节目
boolean flag=true;
//表演
public synchronized void play(String voice){
if(!flag){
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("演员表演:"+voice);
//通知观众观看
this.notify();//通知唤醒
this.voice=voice;
this.flag=!this.flag;
}
//观看
public synchronized void watch(){
if(flag){
try{
this.wait();
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("观众观看了:"+voice);
//通知演员表演
this.notifyAll();
this.flag=!this.flag;
}
}