什么是函数式编程(functional programming)?


⭐ 专栏简介

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⭐ 函数式编程

函数式编程(Functional Programming,简称FP)是一种编程范式,它将计算视为数学函数的求值,并避免在程序中改变状态和可变数据。FP强调函数的纯度、不可变性和高阶函数的使用。JavaScript是一种多范式语言,它允许开发者采用函数式编程的思想。


⭐ 核心概念

  1. 纯函数(Pure Functions):纯函数是指对于相同的输入,始终产生相同的输出,且没有副作用(不会改变外部状态)。纯函数不依赖于全局变量或可变数据,这使得代码更可靠和可测试。

  2. 不可变性(Immutability):函数式编程鼓励使用不可变的数据结构,一旦创建就不可修改。这有助于避免出现竞态条件和提高程序的可维护性。

  3. 高阶函数(Higher-Order Functions):高阶函数是将函数作为参数传递或返回函数的函数。它们可以用来实现抽象、复用和组合功能。

  4. 递归(Recursion):函数式编程倾向于使用递归来解决问题,而不是使用循环。

  5. 不可变性(First-Class and Higher-Order Functions):JavaScript中的函数是第一类对象,可以作为参数传递给其他函数,也可以作为返回值。高阶函数是接受一个或多个函数作为参数或返回一个函数的函数。


⭐ 函数式编程示例

以下是一个简单的JavaScript函数式编程示例,计算一个数组中的所有偶数的平方和。

// 使用纯函数过滤偶数
const isEven = (num) => num % 2 === 0;

// 使用纯函数计算平方
const square = (num) => num * num;

// 使用高阶函数map和reduce
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
const evenSquaresSum = numbers
  .filter(isEven)        // 过滤出偶数
  .map(square)            // 计算平方
  .reduce((acc, curr) => acc + curr, 0);  // 求和

console.log(evenSquaresSum);  // 输出:120

在这个示例中,我们使用纯函数isEvensquare来过滤偶数和计算平方,然后使用高阶函数filtermapreduce来组合这些操作,最终得到了偶数平方的和。这个过程中我们没有改变任何可变状态,而是使用函数组合来进行计算。这就是函数式编程的思想。


⭐ 写在最后

本专栏适用读者比较广泛,适用于前端初学者;或者没有学过前端对前端有兴趣的伙伴,亦或者是后端同学想在面试过程中能够更好的展示自己拓展一些前端小知识点,所以如果你具备了前端的基础跟着本专栏学习,也是可以很大程度帮助你查漏补缺,由于博主本人是自己再做内容输出,如果文中出现有瑕疵的地方各位可以通过主页的左侧联系我,我们一起进步,与此同时也推荐大家几份专栏,有兴趣的伙伴可以订阅一下:除了下方的专栏外大家也可以到我的主页能看到其他的专栏;

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Learning C++ Functional Programming by Wisnu Anggoro English | 10 Aug. 2017 | ISBN: 1787281973 | ASIN: B06WVD7CVT | 304 Pages | AZW3 | 2.4 MB Key Features Modularize your applications and make them highly reusable and testable Get familiar with complex concepts such as metaprogramming, concurrency, and immutability A highly practical guide to building functional code in C++ filled with lots of examples and real-world use cases Book Description Functional programming allows developers to divide programs into smaller, reusable components that ease the creation, testing, and maintenance of software as a whole. Combined with the power of C++, you can develop robust and scalable applications that fulfill modern day software requirements. This book will help you discover all the C++ 17 features that can be applied to build software in a functional way. The book is divided into three modules—the first introduces the fundamentals of functional programming and how it is supported by modern C++. The second module explains how to efficiently implement C++ features such as pure functions and immutable states to build robust applications. The last module describes how to achieve concurrency and apply design patterns to enhance your application's performance. Here, you will also learn to optimize code using metaprogramming in a functional way. By the end of the book, you will be familiar with the functional approach of programming and will be able to use these techniques on a daily basis. What you will learn Get to know the difference between imperative and functional approaches See the use of first-class functions and pure functions in a functional style Discover various techniques to apply immutable state to avoid side effects Design a recursive algorithm effectively Create faster programs using lazy evaluation Structure code using design patterns to make the design process easier Use concurrency techniques to develop responsive software Learn how to use the C++ Standard Template Library and metaprogramming in a functional way to improve code optimization About the Author Wisnu Anggoro is a Microsoft Certified Professional in C# programming and an experienced C/C++ developer. He has also authored the books Boost.Asio C++ Network Programming - Second Edition and Functional C# by Packt. He has been programming since he was in junior high school, which was about 20 years ago, and started developing computer applications using the BASIC programming language in the MS-DOS environment. He has solid experience in smart card programming, as well as desktop and web application programming, including designing, developing, and supporting the use of applications for SIM Card Operating System Porting, personalization, PC/SC communication, and other smart card applications that require the use of C# and C/C++. He is currently a senior smart card software engineer at CIPTA, an Indonesian company that specializes in innovation and technology for smart cards. He can be reached through his email at wisnu@anggoro.net. Table of Contents Diving into Modern C++ Manipulating functions in functional programming Applying immutable state to the function Recurring method invocation using recursive algorithm Procrastinating the execution process using Lazy Evaluation Optimizing code with Metaprogramming Running parallel execution using Concurrency Creating and debugging application in functional approach
Explore functional programming and discover new ways of thinking about code. You know you need to master functional programming, but learning one functional language is only the start. In this book, through articles drawn from PragPub magazine and articles written specifically for this book, you'll explore functional thinking and functional style and idioms across languages. Led by expert guides, you'll discover the distinct strengths and approaches of Clojure, Elixir, Haskell, Scala, and Swift and learn which best suits your needs. Contributing authors: Rich Hickey, Stuart Halloway, Aaron Bedra, Michael Bevilacqua-Linn, Venkat Subramaniam, Paul Callaghan, Jose Valim, Dave Thomas, Natasha Murashev, Tony Hillerson, Josh Chisholm, and Bruce Tate. Functional programming is on the rise because it lets you write simpler, cleaner code, and its emphasis on immutability makes it ideal for maximizing the benefits of multiple cores and distributed solutions. So far nobody's invented the perfect functional language - each has its unique strengths. In Functional Programming: A PragPub Anthology, you'll investigate the philosophies, tools, and idioms of five different functional programming languages. See how Swift, the development language for iOS, encourages you to build highly scalable apps using functional techniques like map and reduce. Discover how Scala allows you to transition gently but deeply into functional programming without losing the benefits of the JVM, while with Lisp-based Clojure, you can plunge fully into the functional style. Learn about advanced functional concepts in Haskell, a pure functional language making powerful use of the type system with type inference and type classes. And see how functional programming is becoming more elegant and friendly with Elixir, a new functional language built on the powerful Erlang base.The industry has been embracing functional programming more and more, driven by the need for concurrency and parallelism. This collection of articles will lead you to mastering the functional approach to problem solving. So put on your explorer's hat and prepare to be surprised. The goal of exploration is always discovery. What You Need: Familiarity with one or more programming languages.

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