十五数码问题代码（python）

八数码问题具体过程可参考八数码问题及代码.

代码如下：

import numpy as np
from collections import Counter
import copy
import time

def standardFif():
    '''标准的十五数码'''
    data = [[3,0,6],[1,8,5],[4,7,2]]
    return data

def creatFif():
    ''''构建并返回十五数码'''
    data = [[],[],[],[],0,0]#存十五数码,第一个0存深度，第二个0存当前状态（0：初始状态；1：0上移得来；2：0下移得来；3：0左移得来；4：0右移得来）
    i = 0
    while(i<16):
        j = eval(input('输入第'+str(i+1)+'个数据：'))
        if 0<=j<=15:
            data[int(i/4)].append(j)
            i = i+1
        else:
            print('输入数据错误!\n')
    return data

def findLocation(data,findNum):
    data_array=np.array(data[:4])
    return np.argwhere(data_array==findNum)[0]

def errorNum(data_1,data_2):
    errorNum = 0
    loc_1 = findLocation(data_1,0)
    loc_2 = findLocation(data_2,0)
    for i in range(4):
        for j in range(4):
            if data_1[i][j] != data_2[i][j]:
                errorNum = errorNum + 1
    if loc_1[0]==loc_2[0 and loc_1[1]==loc_2[1]]:
        return errorNum
    else:
        return errorNum-1

def getReverseOrderNumber(list):
    '''获得逆序数'''
    num = 0
    for i in range(1,len(list)):
        for j in range(i):
            if list[j]>list[i]:
                num = num+1
    return num

def judge(data_1,data_2):
    '''判断两个十五数码是否可互相到达（逆序奇偶性）'''
    temp1 = copy.deepcopy(data_1[0:4])
    temp2 = copy.deepcopy(data_2[0:4])

    list1 = sum(temp1, [])
    list2 = sum(temp2, [])
    list1.remove(0)
    list2.remove(0)
    if getReverseOrderNumber(list1)%2==getReverseOrderNumber(list2)%2:
        return True
    else:
        print("无解！")
        return False

'''构建估价函数'''
def aStarOne(data_1,data_2):
    '''十五数码错放棋子个数的估价函数'''
    '''data_1:标准十五数码;data_2:构造的十五数码'''
    return errorNum(data_1,data_2)+data_2[4]

    '''errorNum = 0
    for i in range(3):
        for j in range(3):
            if data_1[i][j] != data_2[i][j]:
                errorNum = errorNum+1
    return errorNum+data_2[3]-1'''

def aStarTwo(data_1,data_2):
    '''错放棋子与目标位置距离之和构成的估价函数'''
    errorDistance = 0
    for i in range(1,16):
        loc_1 = findLocation(data_1,i)
        loc_2 = findLocation(data_2,i)
        errorDistance = abs(loc_1[0]+loc_1[1]-loc_2[0]-loc_2[1])+errorDistance#求曼哈顿距离
    return errorDistance+data_2[4]

'''构建移动函数'''
def up(data):
    '''上移'''
    zeroLoc = findLocation(data,0)
    i = int(zeroLoc[0])
    j = int(zeroLoc[1])
    if i>0:
        temp = data[i][j]
        data[i][j] = data[i-1][j]
        data[i-1][j] = temp
        data[4] = data[4] + 1
        data[5] = 1
        return data

    else:
        return

def down(data):
    '''下移'''
    zeroLoc = findLocation(data, 0)
    i = int(zeroLoc[0])
    j = int(zeroLoc[1])
    if i<3:
        temp = data[i][j]
        data[i][j] = data[i+1][j]
        data[i+1][j] = temp
        data[4] = data[4] + 1
        data[5] = 2
        return data
    else:
        return

def left(data):
    '''左移'''
    zeroLoc = findLocation(data, 0)
    i = int(zeroLoc[0])
    j = int(zeroLoc[1])
    if j>0:
        temp = data[i][j]
        data[i][j] = data[i][j-1]
        data[i][j-1] = temp
        data[4] = data[4] + 1
        data[5] = 3
        return data
    else:
        return

def right(data):
    '''右移'''
    zeroLoc = findLocation(data, 0)
    i = int(zeroLoc[0])
    j = int(zeroLoc[1])
    if j<3:
        temp = data[i][j]
        data[i][j] = data[i][j+1]
        data[i][j+1] = temp
        data[4] = data[4] + 1
        data[5] = 4
        return data
    else:
        return

def overCondition(data,openTable):
    '''判断目标十五数码是否在openTable中，
    返回 True or False
    并返回目标十五数码在openTable的索引
    '''
    index = -1
    for item in openTable:
        index = index + 1
        j = 0
        for i in range(4):
            if item[i] == data[i]:
                j = j + 1
        if j == 4:
            print("搜索成功！")
            return True,index
    return False,-1

def extend(data_1,data_2,openTable,valueTable,closeTable,mode,index2):
    '''扩展十五数码,并将被扩展的十五数码移除出openTable'''
    '''data_1:被扩展的十五数码；data_2:标准十五数码'''
    if data_1[5]==0:
        data1=up(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data1:
            openTable.append(data1)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2,data1))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data1))

        data2=down(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data2:
            openTable.append(data2)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data2))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data2))

        data3=left(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data3:
            openTable.append(data3)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data3))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data3))

        data4=right(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data4:
            openTable.append(data4)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data4))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data4))

        del valueTable[index2]
        openTable.remove(data_1)
        closeTable.append(data_1)

    elif data_1[5]==1:
        data1 = up(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data1:
            openTable.append(data1)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data1))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data1))

        data3 = left(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data3:
            openTable.append(data3)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data3))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data3))

        data4 = right(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data4:
            openTable.append(data4)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data4))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data4))

        del valueTable[index2]
        openTable.remove(data_1)
        closeTable.append(data_1)

    elif data_1[5]==2:
        data2 = down(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data2:
            openTable.append(data2)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data2))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data2))

        data3 = left(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data3:
            openTable.append(data3)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data3))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data3))

        data4 = right(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data4:
            openTable.append(data4)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data4))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data4))

        del valueTable[index2]
        openTable.remove(data_1)
        closeTable.append(data_1)

    elif data_1[5]==3:
        data1 = up(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data1:
            openTable.append(data1)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data1))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data1))

        data2 = down(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data2:
            openTable.append(data2)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data2))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data2))

        data3 = left(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data3:
            openTable.append(data3)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data3))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data3))

        del valueTable[index2]
        openTable.remove(data_1)
        closeTable.append(data_1)

    elif data_1[5]==4:
        data1 = up(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data1:
            openTable.append(data1)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data1))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data1))

        data2 = down(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data2:
            openTable.append(data2)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data2))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data2))

        data4 = right(copy.deepcopy(data_1))
        if data4:
            openTable.append(data4)
            if mode is "1":
                valueTable.append(aStarOne(data_2, data4))
            else:
                valueTable.append(aStarTwo(data_2, data4))

        del valueTable[index2]
        openTable.remove(data_1)
        closeTable.append(data_1)

def flashBack(data,temp_closeTable):
    '''从初始十五数码回溯至目标十五数码'''
    print(data)
    tempTable=[]
    '''将上一层的十五数码移入tempTable'''
    for item in temp_closeTable:
        if item[4]==data[4]-1:
            tempTable.append(item)

    for item in tempTable:
        if abs(errorNum(item,data))==1:
            break
    if item[4]==0:
        print(item)
        return
    else:
        flashBack(item,temp_closeTable)


'''运行测试'''

#a=findLocation(standEight,0)
print("输入目标十五数码：")
standEight = creatFif()

print("输入初始十五数码")
testEight = creatFif()
print("\n")
start_time=time.perf_counter()
if judge(testEight,standEight):
    mode = input("请选择估价函数(1 or 2):")

    if mode not in ["1","2"]:
        print("模式选择错误，没有选择正确的估价函数！")
    else:
        openTable=[testEight]
        closeTable=[]
        valueTable=[aStarOne(standEight,testEight)]

        while 1:
            flag,index1 = overCondition(standEight,openTable)
            if flag:
                print("搜索路径如下：")
                temp_closeTable = copy.deepcopy(closeTable)
                flashBack(openTable[index1],temp_closeTable)
                #print(openTable[index1])
                #print(openTable)
                #print(closeTable)
                break
            minNum = min(valueTable)
            temp_list = []
            for i in range(len(valueTable)):
                if valueTable[i] == minNum:
                    temp_list.append(openTable[i])
            for i in range(len(temp_list)):
                index2 = openTable.index(temp_list[i])
                extend(temp_list[i], standEight, openTable, valueTable, closeTable, mode, index2)

end_time=time.perf_counter()
print("扩展的节点个数{}".format(len(openTable)+len(closeTable)))
print("运行时间：{}".format(end_time-start_time))

可参考数据：
目标：1 2 3 4 12 14 4 6 11 13 3 7 10 9 15 8
初始：1 2 0 5 12 14 4 6 11 13 3 7 10 9 15 8
输出结果如下（可以自己调整，我就懒得改了）：